1、Chapter I:English Sentence Writing,2018.09,Contents,Chapter I English Sentence WritingChapter II Basic Requirements for English Paragraph WritingChapter III English Paragraph Development Chapter VI English Essay Writing and Types,Chapter 1 English Sentence Writing,Unit 1:Types of English sentences,T
2、eaching objectives,Identify different clause elements in a sentence;Identify different basic clause types;Expand or combine simple sentences into compound,complex or compound-complex sentences.,Why to learn English writing?,Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man,and writing an exact man.Fra
3、ncis Bacon,British philosopher 阅读使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人严谨。英国哲学家 F 培根,What is a sentence?,A sentence is a group of words having a subject and predicate and giving a complete thought.A complete sentence has a subject and predicate,and can often be composed of more than one clause.A grammatically complete se
4、ntence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate(谓语)or finite(限定)verb;if the verb is transitive,there must be an object;if the verb is a link-verb,there must be a predicative(表语)or complement(补语).,Basic characteristics of a sentence,What are basic characteristics of a sentence?Use alon
5、e in language communication;To express a relatively complete meaning;In general,verbs are the core.Without verbs,sentences are not possible;Capitalize at the beginning and end with a certain punctuation mark.,1.According to grammatical structure,According to grammatical structure,sentences are class
6、ified as:(1)Simple Sentence(2)Compound Sentence(3)Complex Sentence(4)Compound-Complex Sentence,simple,compound,complex,Unit I:Types of English Sentences,indicative(陈述),interrogative(疑问),imperative(祈使),explanative(感叹),loose,periodic,parallel,Structure,Function,Rhetoric,Length,short,long,Classificatio
7、n,(1)Simple Sentences,A sentence that contains only one subject and predicate is called a simple sentence.But sometimes a sentence can contain two or more parallel subjects or predicates,and it is still a simple sentence.The mother is dressing her baby.Her speech and performance moved the audience.H
8、e is reading and writing at the same time.My friends and I often play golf and go bowling on holidays.假日里我和朋友们经常去打高尔夫球和保龄球。,How to write a simple sentence,1)Define a simple sentence.The simple sentence is the most basic of the sentences.It includes a subject,a verb,and it expresses a complete though
9、t.This is known as an independent clause,because it can stand on its own.,How to write a simple sentence,2)Make simple sentences a bit more informative.You can add direct objects and indirect objects to simple sentences to add more information.Here is an example:Janet writes romance novels.,How to w
10、rite a simple sentence,3)Try writing a simple sentence.When you begin to write your own simple sentence,begin with the subject.Think about what the sentence is going to be about.Next,choose your verb.To do this,think about what the subject of your sentence is doing.Is the subject walking,running,rea
11、ding,sitting,cooking,or something else?,How to write a simple sentence,4)Pay attention to singular and plural subjects and verbs.When choosing your subject and verb,make sure that the two words agree in number.The rule is that a singular subject needs a singular verb,and plural subjects need plural
12、verbs.(1)A singular subject and verb looks like this:My son is a doctor.(2)A plural subject and verb looks like this:My sons are doctors.,(2)Compound sentences,A sentence that contains two or more subject-predicate structures that are not subject to each other is called a parallel sentence.In the se
13、nse,each clause is equally important and related;In the grammatical structure,they are parallel and have no affiliation with each other.,(2)Compound sentences,Examples of compound sentences:Love and youll be loved.Be modest,or you will lag behind.Honesty is a virtue while greed is an evil.Either you
14、 must improve your work or we shall dismiss you.Pip is not only a teacher;he also treats us like a friend.,(2)Compound sentences,I like tea,and he likes coffee.Be quick or you will be late.Frank wanted to go swimming,but Mary decided to go shopping.Jane works at the Family Planning Clinic and her hu
15、sband Smith does research work for the same unit.Punctuation is important;therefore,dont forget to use comma before the coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.标点很重要,所以不要忘记在并列句的并列连词前加逗号。,(2)Compound sentences,Make sentences with the following coordinating conjunction:表递进关系：and,not onlybut al
16、so,neithernor,not but选择关系：or,eitheror,otherwise,whether.or 转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still因果关系：so,for并列关系：and,whenbothand,as well as,besides,furthermore,moreover.,(3)Complex sentences,A sentence constructed by a main clause and at least one clause is called a compound sentence.In a complex senten
17、ce,the main sentence is the main part of the entire sentence.The clause is only one component of the entire sentence and can not exist independently.It is subordinate to the main sentence in the syntactic relationship.The clause must be guided by an associative word to indicate the relationship with
18、 the main sentence.,(3)Complex sentences,Complex sentences conclude attributive clause,noun clause and adverbial clause.The new house which I have just bought is located at the suburb.What JK Rowling wrote is the Harry Potter series.He was making a phone call when she was doing paper work.Because I
19、forgot the time,I missed the play.While Susan was eating the fish,she began to feel sick.,(3)Complex sentences,Examples of complex sentences:I checked my paper again before I handed it to my professor.I was born in a small town,where there was only one school.They could not work in the fields yester
20、day because it was raining hard.The heavy rain started suddenly,so we stopped planting our trees.,(3)Complex sentences,Make sentences with the following subordinating conjunction:but,although,because,since,as,for,now that,so,so that,sothat,suchthat if,unless,as/so long as when,while,after,before,unt
21、il,as soon as,since,the moment,(4)compound-complex sentences,Examples of compound-complex sentences:When the power line snapped(突然中断),Jack was listening to the stereo,and Linda was reading in bed.After I returned to school following a long illness,the math teacher gave me make-up work,but the histor
22、y teacher made me drip her course.,2.According to communicative function,According to communicative function,sentences are classified as:(1)Declarative Sentence(陈述句):makes an assertion or statement;(2)Interrogative Sentence(疑问句):asks a question;(3)Imperative Sentence(祈使句):expresses a command or a re
23、quest;(4)Exclamatory Sentence(感叹句):expresses a strong feeling or emotion,such as surprise,pain,or joy.,(1)Declarative Sentence(陈述句),Browsing on the Internet is my favorite pastime.Bill sent out many applications for a job,but has not got any replies yet.There arent as many trees here as there used t
24、o be.,(2)Interrogative Sentence(疑问句),Isnt the new edition of this book more expensive than its old edition?Whats todays exchange rate for US dollars against Japanese yen?Is your favorite winter outdoor activity skiing or skating?The youngsters values are quite different from their parents at present
25、,arent they?,(3)Imperative Sentence(祈使句),Be sure to take your personal belongings before getting off the train.Lets not waste our time arguing about the current topic.Dont hesitate to give me a call if you have any problem.,(4)Exclamatory Sentence(感叹句),What an apple this is!What kind women they are!
26、What a clever girl she is!What a fine day!How beautiful the scenery is!How interesting a story it is!How he worked!What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is!Anexclamatorysentenceshouldbe followed byanexclamationmark.,(5)Questions,In terms of syntacticsntktk(句法的)structure and comm
27、unicative function,questions(also known as“interrogative sentences”)fall into four major types:general questionsspecial questionsalternative questionstag questions,(5)Questions,(1)General questions(yes or no questions)asked for affirmation or negation.Have you already finished your work?Havent you f
28、inished your work yet?,(5)Questions,(2)Special questions(wh-questions)A.Formation Generally introduced by wh-words such as who,whose,which,where,what,when,why,how,etc.Special questions may be in normal order or in inverted order.e.g.:Who phoned last night?What does your brother do?,(5)Questions,B.Re
29、inforcementa.to add“ever”to the wh-word,e.g.:Whoever broke the window?b.to use some intensifying expressions such as on earth,the devil,the hell,the goodness,in the world,in heavens name,etc.to convey emotional feelings of surprise,indignation,etc,What on earth could it mean?Where the devil did I pu
30、t my pen?,(5)Questions,(3)Alternative questionsAn alternative question is one that suggests two or more possible answers for the listener to choose from.There are two types of alternative question.One type is based on the structure of general question;the other is based on that of special question,e
31、.g.:Shall I give you a gin,a whisky,or a beer?What is this,ignorance,or malice(恶意),or both?,(5)Questions,(4)Tag questions Tag questions are extensively used in spoken language.A tag question generally consists of two parts:statement+question tag.There are four types of tag question:(1)“positive stat
32、ement+negative tag”;(2)“negative statement+positive tag”;(3)“positive statement+positive tag”,and(4)“negative statement+negative tag”.,(5)Questions,Of these four types,the first two are far more frequently used,e.g.:That clock is slow,isnt it?That clock isnt slow,is it?That clock is slow,is it?That
33、clock isnt slow,isnt it?,3.From a rhetorical point of view,There are also three kinds of sentences in learning English from a rhetorical point of view,such as:(1)Loose Sentence(松散句)(2)Periodic Sentence(圆周句)(3)Parallel Sentence(平行句),(1)Loose Sentence&Periodic Sentence,What is a loose sentence?A loose sentence(松散句)is a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause
