托福综合写作讲义.ppt
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托福综合写作讲义.ppt
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TOEFLiBTIntegratedWritingByJoe考什么1.notetaking2.summarizing3.paraphrasingReading&Lecture1.1L完全反对R中的结论、观点;1.2L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等;2.延续1.驳斥2.1L支持R结论、观点;2.2L解释R中的原因、结果等;Reading读什么MeanideaExplanationLecture听什么MeanideaExplanationDetail&ExamplesThemorespecific,thebetterThestructureofBODY1.一一对应、逐个反驳2.正反结构、简单明了A.结构结构1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph1:
Althoughthereadingprovidesafewexamplesofaltruisticbehaviornaturallyfoundinbothhumanandmeerkats,thelectureeasilyrefutestheclaimsofthereadingwiththehelpofsomescientificresearch.1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph2:
ThereadingfirstclaimsthatTheauthorbelievesthataswell.Inaddition,thereadingsupport1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph3:
Onthecontrary,thelecturerefutesbycitingseveralkeyscientificfindings.FirstlyBesidesFurthermore/finallyConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.ReadingListening2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph2:
ThereadingfirstclaimsthatHowever,thelecturerefutesbycitingthescientificfindingthat2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph3:
Inaddition,thelecturerargueagainstthereadingpassagessecondpointbysayingthat2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph4:
Thereadingclaimsthataswell.Again,thistheoryisrefutedbytheprofessorinthelecturebypointingoutthatConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.ReadingListening1.讲话人Lecturer,speaker,professor2.文章作者Writer,authorB.语言语言陈述、认为State/indicate/believe/suggest/discuss/talkabout/present/makethepointthat/say/demonstrate/illustrate/pointout/investigate/claim/maintain/B.语言语言驳斥、反对refute,disagreewith,castdoubton,challenge,oppose,conflictwith,denythestatementof,contradict,differfrom,incontrastB.语言语言支持support,enhance,uphold,justify,strengthen/assert/sustain/B.语言语言转转折折对对比比动词类:
refutechallengedoubtdenyrebutcountercastdoubtoncontradictopposeobjecttodisagreewithdisapproveof形容词短语类:
becontradictoryconflictingopposingcontraryoppositetodifferentfrom副词短语类:
incontrastconverselyhoweveractuallyinfactindeed连词类:
whilewhereasB.语言语言举例:
forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexampleB.语言语言提示观点,递进:
inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis.thatbringsusto.whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat.B.语言语言提示观点,递进:
inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis.thatbringsusto.whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat.B.语言语言研究调查:
(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现:
(new)finding/discovery其他解释:
alternativeexplanation/theory反方证据:
counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥:
challenge/objection/refutation断言声称:
allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳:
charge/objection/refutation评论解释:
remark/comment错误缺陷:
fault/weakness/mistake/errorB.语言语言结论:
allinallTosumup/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyInanutshelltherefore/henceB.语言语言Firstparagraph:
C.段落段落Inthelecture,theprofessormakesseveralpointsabout_.Thelecturerarguesthat_.Thepointsmadebytheprofessoragree/disagreewith/contradictthereadingpassage.Inthereadingpassage,theauthorclaimsthat_.However,thefollowinglisteningmaterialentirelychallengedthestatementmadebythewriter.Thespeakercontendsthat_.ORInthelecture,theprofessorarguesthat_.However,thereadingpassagecontendsthat_.Theprofessorslecturecastsdoubton/advocatesthereadingpassagebyusingnumberofpointsandexample.Body:
C.段落段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat/TheauthorstatesthatHowever/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthatAccordingtotheprofessorinthelecture/ThespeakerarguesthatThisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthatinthereadingContraryto/differentfromthestatement/pointinthereadingthatThelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthatBody:
C.段落段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat/TheauthorstatesthatHowever/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthatAccordingtotheprofessorinthelecture/ThespeakerarguesthatThisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthatinthereadingContraryto/differentfromthestatement/pointinthereadingthatThelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthatBody:
C.段落段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat/TheauthorstatesthatHowever/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthatAccordingtotheprofessorinthelecture/ThespeakerarguesthatThisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthatinthereadingContraryto/differentfromthestatement/pointinthereadingthatThelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthatConclusion:
C.段落段落Inretrospect,allthethreeevidenceofthelectureillustratethatthespeakeragrees/disagreeswiththepointsmentionedinthereadingmaterials.Inconclusion,basedonthediscussionsdemonstratedabove,wecanclearlyseethatthepointmadeinthelecturedifferfromthosemadeinthereading.Attention!
一般现在时+一般过去时1.时态2.Paraphrase不要照抄原文2.LectureVSReadingLR
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