Classical Mechanics, Point Particles And Relativity (Classical Theoretical P.pdf
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Classical Mechanics, Point Particles And Relativity (Classical Theoretical P.pdf
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CLASSICALMECHANICSPointParticlesandRelativitySpringerNewYorkBerlinHeidelbergHongKongLondonMilanParisTokyoWalterGreinerCLASSICALMECHANICSPointParticlesandRelativityForewordbyD.AllanBromleyWith317FiguresSpringerWalterGreinerInstitutfurTheoretischePhysikJohannWolfgangGoethe-UniversitatRobertMayerStrasse10Postfach111932D-60054FrankfurtamMainGermanygreinerth.physik.uni-frankfurt.deLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataGreiner,Walter,1935-Classicalmechanics:
pointparticlesandrelativity/WalterGreiner.p.cm.-(Classicaltheoreticalphysics)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-387-95586-0(softcover:
alk.paper)1.Mechanics-Problems,exercises,etc.2.Relativity(Physics)-Problems,exercises,etc.I.TitleII.Series.QC125.2.G742003531-dc212002030570ISBN0-387-95586-0Printedonacid-freepaper.TranslatedfromtheGermanMechanik:
Teil2,byWalterGreiner,publishedbyVerlagHarriDeutsch,Thun,FrankfurtamMain,Germany,c?
1989.c?
2004Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.,175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.987654321SPIN10892857www.springer-Springer-VerlagNewYorkBerlinHeidelbergAmemberofBertelsmannSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbHForewordMorethanagenerationofGerman-speakingstudentsaroundtheworldhaveworkedtheirwaytoanunderstandingandappreciationofthepowerandbeautyofmoderntheoreticalphysicswithmathematics,themostfundamentalofsciencesusingWalterGreinerstextbooksastheirguide.Theideaofdevelopingacoherent,completepresentationofanentirefieldofscienceinaseriesofcloselyrelatedtextbooksisnotanewone.ManyolderphysiciansrememberwithrealpleasuretheirsenseofadventureanddiscoveryastheyworkedtheirwaysthroughtheclassicseriesbySommerfeld,byPlanck,andbyLandauandLifshitz.Fromthestudentsviewpoint,thereareagreatmanyobviousadvantagestobegainedthroughtheuseofconsistentnotation,logicalorderingoftopics,andcoherenceofpresentation;beyondthis,thecompletecoverageofthescienceprovidesauniqueopportunityfortheauthortoconveyhispersonalenthusiasmandloveforhissubject.Thesevolumesonclassicalphysics,finallyavailableinEnglish,complementGreinerstextsonquantumphysics,mostofwhichhavebeenavailabletoEnglish-speakingaudiencesforsometime.Thecompletesetofbookswillthusprovideacoherentviewofphysicsthatincludes,inclassicalphysics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,classicaldynam-ics,electromagnetism,andgeneralrelativity;andinquantumphysics,quantummechanics,symmetries,relativisticquantummechanics,quantumelectro-andchromodynamics,andthegaugetheoryofweakinteractions.WhatmakesGreinersvolumesofparticularvaluetothestudentandprofessoralikeistheircompleteness.Greineravoidsthealltoocommon“itfollowsthat.,”whichconcealsseveralpagesofmathematicalmanipulationandconfoundsthestudent.Hedoesnothesitatetoincludeexperimentaldatatoilluminateorillustrateatheoreticalpoint,andthesedata,likethetheoreticalcontent,havebeenkeptuptodateandtopicalthroughfrequentrevisionandexpansionofthelecturenotesuponwhichthesevolumesarebased.Moreover,Greinergreatlyincreasesthevalueofhispresentationbyincludingsomethinglikeonehundredcompletelyworkedexamplesineachvolume.Nothingisofgreaterimportancetothestudentthanseeing,indetail,howthetheoreticalconceptsandtoolsvviFOREWORDunderstudyareappliedtoactualproblemsofinteresttoworkingphysicists.And,finally,Greineraddsbriefbiographicalsketchestoeachchaptercoveringthepeopleresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthetheoreticalideasand/ortheexperimentaldatapresented.ItwasAugusteComte(17891857)inhisPositivePhilosophywhonoted,“Tounderstandascienceitisnecessarytoknowitshistory.”Thisisalltoooftenforgotteninmodernphysicsteaching,andthebridgesthatGreinerbuildstothepioneeringfiguresofourscienceuponwhoseworkwebuildarewelcomeones.Greinerslectures,whichunderliethesevolumes,areinternationallynotedfortheirclarity,fortheircompleteness,andfortheeffortthathehasdevotedtomakingphysicsanintegralwhole.Hisenthusiasmforhissciencesiscontagiousandshinesthroughalmosteverypage.ThesevolumesrepresentonlyapartofauniqueandHerculeanefforttomakealloftheoreticalphysicsaccessibletotheinterestedstudent.Beyondthat,theyareofenormousvaluetotheprofessionalphysicistandtoallothersworkingwithquantumphenomena.Againandagain,thereaderwillfindthat,afterdippingintoaparticularvolumetoreviewaspecifictopic,heorshewillendupbrowsing,caughtupbyoftenfascinatingnewinsightsanddevelopmentswithwhichheorshehadnotpreviouslybeenfamiliar.HavingusedanumberofGreinersvolumesintheiroriginalGermaninmyteachingandresearchatYale,IwelcomethesenewandrevisedEnglishtranslationsandwouldrecommendthementhusiasticallytoanyonesearchingforacoherentoverviewofphysics.D.AllanBromleyHenryFordIIProfessorofPhysicsYaleUniversityNewHaven,Connecticut,USAPrefaceTheoreticalphysicshasbecomeamanyfacetedscience.Fortheyoungstudent,itisdifficultenoughtocopewiththeoverwhelmingamountofnewmaterialthathastobelearned,letaloneobtainanoverviewoftheentirefield,whichrangesfrommechanicsthroughelectrodynamics,quantummechanics,fieldtheory,nuclearandheavy-ionscience,statisticalmechanics,thermodynamics,andsolid-statetheorytoelementary-particlephysics;andthisknowledgeshouldbeacquiredinjusteighttotensemesters,duringwhich,inaddition,adiplomaormastersthesishastobeworkedonorexaminationspreparedfor.Allthiscanbeachievedonlyiftheuniversityteachershelptointroducethestudenttothenewdisciplinesasearlyaspossible,inordertocreateinterestandexcitementthatinturnsetfreeessentialnewenergy.AttheJohannWolfgangGoetheUniversityinFrankfurtamMain,wethereforecon-frontthestudentwiththeoreticalphysicsimmediately,inthefirstsemester.TheoreticalMechanicsIandII,Electrodynamics,andQuantumMechanicsIAnIntroductionarethecoursesduringthefirsttwoyears.Theselecturesaresupplementedwithmanymathemati-calexplanationsandmuchsupportmaterial.Afterthefourthsemesterofstudies,graduateworkbegins,andQuantumMechanicsIISymmetries,StatisticalMechanicsandTher-modynamics,RelativisticQuantumMechanics,QuantumElectrodynamics,GaugeTheoryofWeakInteractions,andQuantumChromodynamicsareobligatory.Apartfromthese,anumberofsupplementarycoursesonspecialtopicsareoffered,suchasHydrodynam-ics,ClassicalFieldTheory,SpecialandGeneralRelativity,Many-BodyTheories,NuclearModels,ModelsofElementaryParticles,andSolid-StateTheory.Thisvolumeoflectures,ClassicalMechanics:
PointParticlesandRelativity,dealswiththefirstandmoreelementarypartoftheimportantfieldofclassicalmechanics.Wehavetriedtopresentthesubjectinamannerthatisbothinterestingtothestudentandeasilyaccessible.Themaintextisthereforeaccompaniedbymanyexercisesandexamplesthathavebeenworkedoutingreatdetail.Thisshouldmakethebookusefulalsoforstudentswishingtostudythesubjectontheirown.Beginningtheeducationintheoreticalphysicsatthefirstuniversitysemester,andnotasdictatedbytraditionafterthefirstoneandahalfyearsinthethirdorfourthsemester,hasbroughtalongquiteafewchangesascomparedtothetraditionalcoursesinthatdiscipline.viiviiiPREFACEEspeciallynecessaryisagreateramalgamationbetweentheactualphysicalproblemsandthenecessarymathematics.Therefore,wetreatinthefirstsemestervectoralgebraandanalysis,thesolutionofordinary,lineardifferentialequations,NewtonsmechanicsofamasspointculminatinginthediscussionofKeplerslaws(planetarymotion),elementsofastronomy,addressingmodernresearchissueslikethedarkmatterproblem,andthemathematicallysimplemechanicsofspecialrelativity.Manyexplicitlyworked-outexamplesandexercisesillustratethenewconceptsandmethodsanddeepentheinterrelationshipbetweenphysicsandmathematics.Asamatteroffact,thisfirst-semestercourseintheoreticalmechanicsisaprecursortotheoreticalphysics.ThischangessignificantlythecontentofthelecturesofthesecondsemesteraddressedinthevolumeClassicalMechanics:
SystemofParticlesandHamiltonianDynamics.Thenewmathematicaltoolsareexplainedandexercisedinmanyphysicalexamples.Inthelecturingpraxis,thedeepeningoftheexhibitedmaterialiscarriedoutinathree-hour-per-weektheoretica,thatis,groupexerciseswhereeightortenstudentssolvethegivenexercisesundertheguidanceofatutor.Biographicalandhistoricalfootnotesanchorthescientificdevelopmentwithinthegeneralcontextofscientificprogressandevolution.Inthiscontext,IthankthepublishersHarriDeutschandF.A.Brockhaus(BrockhausEnzyklopadie,F.A.Brockhaus,WiesbadenmarkedbyBR)forgivingpermissiontoextractthebiographicaldataofphysicistsandmathematiciansfromtheirpublications.WeshouldalsomentionthatinpreparingsomeearlysectionsandexercisesofourlectureswereliedonthebookTheoryandProblemsofTheoreticalMechanics,byMurrayR.Spiegel,McGraw-Hill,NewYo
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