职称英语考试《综合类》章节练习题精选及答案0516116.docx
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职称英语考试《综合类》章节练习题精选及答案0516116.docx
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职称英语考试《综合类》章节练习题精选及答案0516116
职称英语考试《综合类》章节练习题精选及答案0516-116
1、FeastOnTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgiving
Fourweeksago,USchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloween.InafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresents.ForChristmas.
Asifallthisisn'tenough,onThursdaythisweek,Americawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.
Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschool,shopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.
Everyyear,inGainesville,Florida,allentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.
DeanFoster,anll-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:
"IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschool,lotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily."
HisbrotherBen,nine,said:
"thebestthingaboutThanksgiving,isthatwhenitisfinished,itistimetostartChristmas."
Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayevening,DeanandBen'sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.
Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.
Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621,whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedintheUStostartanewlife.Afterahardyear,theyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.
ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.
OnHalloween,childrenintheUnitedStatesoftendressupas________.
【单选题】
A.ghosts
B.players
C.pilgrims
D.visitors
正确答案:
A
答案解析:
细节考查题。
题干问在10月31日之夜,美国儿童常常打扮成什么样子?
可以利用问题中的特征词Halloween作为答案线索查找相关句子,“四周前,美国儿童打扮成怪物,四处要糖吃。
”“鬼”(ghosts)跟“怪物”(monsters)意思相近,故正确答案为A。
2、ANewDoctors'Dilemma
WhenChristianBarnard,aSouthAfricandoctor,performedthefirsthumanhearttransplantin1967,theresultwasaworldwidemoraldebateontheethicsoftransplantingorgans.Heartswerenotthefirsthumanorganstobetransplantedbut,inthiscase,ifadonorgavehisorherheart,heorshewouldobviouslyandnecessarilydie(orbedead).Kidneytransplants,whichwerealreadyquitecommonin1967,ofteninvolvedthetransferofasinglekidneyfromacloselivingrelative.Thechancesofsurvivalofthedonorweresomewhatdiminishedbecausehenowhadonlyonekidneyandifthatkidneywereaffectedbydisease,hewouldnothaveahealthykidneyinreserve.Nevertheless,thedonorwouldcertainlynotnecessarilydie.
Undoubtedly,anotherreasonwhythefirsthearttransplantwassocontroversialwasthefactthatweassociatesomanypersonalitytraitswiththeheart.Questionswereaskedofthetype:
"Ifapersonhadadifferentheart,wouldhestillbethesameperson?
",or"Ifdoctorsneededadyingperson'sheart,wouldtheytendtodeclarehimdeadprematurely?
",andsoon.
Today,notonlyheartsandkidneys,butalsosuchextremelydelicateorgansaslungsandlivers,aretransplanted.Thesedevelopmentshaveledtoafarhigherorproportionofsuccessfuloperationsandthis,inturn,hasledtogreaterdemandfortransplants.Atthesametime,manyoftheoriginalmoralquestionssurroundinghearttransplantshavebeenalmostforgotten.
However,asaresultoftheheavydemandfororgans,anewmoraldilemmahasemerged.Forexample,intheUnitedStatestherearemanypeoplewhowouldsurviveiflungswereavailablefortransplanting.Infact,about80%ofthemdiebeforeasuitabledonorisfound.Inthesecircumstanceswhowoulddecideifadonorwerefoundwhoselungswereequallysuitablefortwopotentialrecipients?
Thisproblemismadeworsebythefactthatmanypatients,ortheirfamilies,becomedesperatetofindadonor.Somesucceedinpublicizingtheirsituationinnewspapers,topoliticiansorontelevision.Sometimes,asaresult,suitabledonorsarefound.Butwhatwouldhappenifanotherpatientneededtheorganmorethantheonewhogotthepublicity?
Whowoulddecideiftheotherpatientshouldgettheorgan?
Woulditbethedoctors?
Orthedonor?
Orthefamilywhogotthepublicity?
Ifsuchadilemmadevelopeditwouldbeverydifficulttoresolveanditwouldbeamatteroflifeordeathtothepatientsinvolved.
Whatorganshavebeentransplantedsince1967?
【单选题】
A.Kidneysonly.
B.Kidneysandhearts.
C.Notonlykidneysandheartsbutlungsandlivers.
D.Morethantheorgansmentionedabove.
正确答案:
D
答案解析:
由第3段可知不仅仅是心脏、肾脏还有肺、肝都进行过移植,因此选D。
3、WorkingSuccessfullywithinCulturalBoundaries
SoonafterstartingourjobinChina,werealizedthatthegreatestchallengewefacedwouldnotbeourday-to-dayresponsibilitiesbutacompletelyforeignworkenvironmentandculture.
Wewereusedtotheverydirect,sometimesconfrontational,butmoreequalstyleofmanagementintheUnitedStates.Here,wewerefacedwiththenever-direct,never-confrontationalstyleofmanagementcommoninAsia.
Weoftenhearsimilarstories.OnewomansharedherexperienceofreturningtoChinaaftermorethan15yearsintheUS.AlthoughshespentmostofherchildhoodinChina,shefeltthathercolleagues'thinkingprocesseswerecompletelyforeigntoher.Sheneededtoadaptherselftothecultureofhercompanyonlythenwouldshebesuccessfulatherjob.Intheend,shewasn'tabletosuccessfullyre-adaptherselftotheculture.Whatshedidn'trealizewasthat,ratherthandisagreeingwithherideas,theydisagreedwithhermethodofimplementingthem.Forexample,insteadofrecognizinghercompany'sstrictchain-of-command,shehadinonecasetakenherplanstraighttothecompanychairman.Thisactionconsequentlycausedhersuperiorstoloseface.ShehadunwittinglybrokenacardinalruleofChineseculture.
OnemanwhospentmanyyearsoverseasbeforereturningtoChinatoheadupthelocaloperationsofamultinationalcompany,hadasimilarexperience.Inhisfirstmanagementteammeeting,hepresentedhisplansforanewdirectioninChinaoperations.Hisrequestwasmetwithanuncomfortablesilence,withnoneofthemanagersdaringtospeakup.Theyhadnotbeenpreparedforhisopenstyleofmanagement.Soonhequicklydeterminedthathisfirston-the-jobchallengewouldbetobuildupmanagers'confidenceinhim,andthathehadtodothisindividually,notinagroup.Withinayear,theirmanagementteammeetingsweretransformedintotheinteractive,brainstormingsessionsthatheintendedthemtobe.
Therefore,itwasn'tuntilafterwehadlearnedtoappreciatethecultureofourworkplaceandearnedtheconfidenceandtrustofourinferiorsthatwewereabletomoveforwardandsuccessfullydoourjob.Wemustfirstunderstandandacceptacultureforwhatitis;onlythenwillwebeabletosuccessfullyworkwithinit.
WhatarethedifferencesinstyleofmanagementintheUSAandChinaaccordingtotheauthor?
IntheUSA,itisindirectstyleofmanagement.InChina,itisdirect.IntheUSA,itisdirectstyleofmanagement.InChina,itisnever-direct.IntheUSA,itisalwaysconfrontational.InChina,itissometimesconfrontational.IntheUSA,itisequal.InChinaitisunequal.
Ifonewantstoworksuccessfullyinadifferentculture,whatisthefirstthinghe/sheshoulddo?
【单选题】
A.Learntoappreciatethecultureofhis/herworkplace.
B.Earntheconfidenceandtrustofhis/hersuperiors.
C.Getalongwellwiththecolleagues.
D.Workharderthanothers.
正确答案:
A
答案解析:
根据第5段,“因此只有当我们学会欣赏工作地的文化,获得下属的信任与信赖,我们才能成功开展工作。
我们首先必须理解并接受这种文化,只有到那时才能成功工作”,因此答案是A。
4、HumanSpaceExploration
WhilescientistsaresearchingthecauseoftheColumbiadisaster,NASAismovingaheadwithplanstodevelopanewcraftthatwouldreplaceshuttles(航天飞机)onspacestationmissionsby2012andrespondquicklytospacestationemergencies.
Thespaceagencyreleasedthefirstsetofmissionneedsandrequirementsseveraldaysagoformeorbitalspaceplane(轨道航天飞机),whichwouldbedesignedtotransportacrewoffourtoandfromtheInternationalSpaceStation.
Althoughitincludesfewspecifics,theplanstatestheorbiter(轨道航天飞机)willbesafercheaperandrequirelesspreparationtimethantheshuttle.Itwouldbeabletotransportfourcrewmembersby2012thoughitwouldbeavailableforrescuemissionsby2010.NASAsaysthecraftshouldbeabletotransportinjuredorillspacestationcrewmembersto"definitive(决定性的)medicalcare"within24hours.
ThereleaseoftherequirementsshowedNASAremainsfocusedonthelong-termprioritiesofspaceexploration,evenasquestionsexistconcerningthelossofColumbiaanditssevenmembercrewonFebruaryl,2003.
ExpelsatMarshallSpaceFlightCenterinHuntsville,Alabama,havebeenworkingforyearsonasuccessortotheshuttle.Theproject,knownastheSpaceLaunchInitiative(倡议),wasdividedlastyearintotwoparts----onefocusingonafuturelaunchvehicle,theotheronaspacestationorbiter.Theorbiterisexpectedtobereadysooner.
Theprogram'smanagerssayNASAofficialshavetoldthemnottoalterSpaceLaunchInitiativeinlightoftheColumbiadisaster.
U.S.PresidentGeorgeW.BushaskedCongressforaboutUS$1billionforSpaceLaunchInitiativein2004,fundsthatwouldbealmostequallysplitbetweentheOrbitalSpacePlaneandNextGenerationLaunchTechnology.
NASAplanstodesignthenewspacecraftto.【单选题】
A.controltheInternationalSpaceStation
B.carryastronautstotheInternationalSpaceStatio
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