linux教程 Beginners Level Course.docx
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linux教程 Beginners Level Course.docx
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linux教程BeginnersLevelCourse
BeginnersLevelCourse
WelcometoLinuxOnline'sGettingStartedwithLinuxbeginnerlevelcourse.Ifyou'renewtoLinuxandwanttofindouthowtousethefastestgrowingoperatingsystemtoday,allyouhavetodoisfollowtheselessonsandyou'llbeusingLinuxefficientlyinnotime.Wedoinvitecomments,suggestions,errorreportsandwellintentionedcriticism.
WhatisLinux?
1.IntroductionToLinux
2.WhatisLinux
HowToInstallLinux
1.WhatTypeofInstallation
2.SelectingALinuxDistribution
3.InstallingDebian
4.ConfigureYourPCtoBootfromtheCD/DVDdrive
5.StartingAnActualInstallation
6.PartitioningHardDrivesInLinux
7.InstallingtheLinuxKernel
8.CompletingTheInstallationProcess
9.BasicLinuxSystemConfiguration
WorkingwithSoftware/Programs
1.InstallingNewSoftwarePrograms-Debian
2.InstallingNewSoftwarePrograms-RedHat
3.InstallingNewSoftwarePrograms-Slackware
FundamentalLinuxKnowledge
1.GettingAroundInLinuxDirectories
2.BasicDirectoryStructureofLinux
3.InLinux,EverythingisaFile
4.DaytoDaywithLinux
5.MANPages&UsefulInformation
WorkingwithDisks,Drives&Files
1.LinuxFileSystems
2.SWAPPartition
3.FilePermissions-chmod
4.FilePermissions-chown
GreatLinuxCommands
1.UsefulCommands-ForSystemAdministration
2.UsefulCommands-The'mkdir'command
3.UsefulCommands-The'rm'command
4.UsefulCommands-The'cp'command
5.UsefulCommands-The'mv'command
6.UsefulCommands-EvenMore!
7.FileBackup(tar/zip/gzip)
8.CoolShortcuts
9.Using'Pipes'inLinux
EditingFiles
1.TextEditors
2.LinuxVirtualTerminals
UserManagement
1.Whentoworkasroot&WhentoWorkasaSystemUser
TheEnd
1.TheEndoftheBeginning
BeginnersLevelCourse:
IntroductionToLinux
WelcometoLinux.org's"GettingStartedwithLinux:
BeginnerLevelCourse".Ifyou'renewtoLinuxandwanttofindouthowtousethefastestgrowingoperatingsystemtoday,allyouhavetodoisfollowtheselessonsandyou'llbeusingLinuxefficientlyinnotime.
GettingStartedwithLinux:
BeginnerLevelCourseisdesignedasaself-studycourse.Oneofthethingsthatmakesthiscourseuniqueisthatatanypointduringacourse,youcanaddanote,orcomment.Thisisdoneinthecommentsbarontherighthandsideofthescreen.Thesecommentscanbemadepublicorprivate,andcantakeanyformthatyoulike.Feelfreetousethemtoaskquestions,answerotherusersquestions,postcodeupdates,orsuggestdifferentmethodologiesforsolvingproblems.
Linuxisaverypopularoperatingsystem,andthiscourseisfollowedbythousandsofpeopleeachday.Duetothis,therearealotofpeopleonlinewhoarealsointheprocessoflearningit.SopleasefeelfreetoaskanyquestionsthatyouhaveandsomeoneintheLinuxCommunitywillprobablyansweryou!
Also,thiswholesite,includingthecoursesareregularlymoderated.Ifyoudon'tgetananswertoaquestion,wewilldoourbesttoansweritforyou.Inaddition,pleasesendusyoursuggestionsforhowwecanimprovethecourses,anytyposthatyouhavenoticed,oranyerrorsthatyouhaveencountered.
Ifyou'rereadytostartlearningaboutLinux,youmaystartatourtableofcontentsoryoumaywanttojumprightintolessonone[WhatIsLinux?
].
Enjoy!
BeginnersLevelCourse:
WhatisLinux?
LinuxisanoperatingsystemthatevolvedfromakernelcreatedbyLinusTorvaldswhenhewasastudentattheUniversityofHelsinki.Generally,itisobvioustomostpeoplewhatLinuxis.However,bothforpoliticalandpracticalreasons,itneedstobeexplainedfurther.TosaythatLinuxisanoperatingsystemmeansthatit'smeanttobeusedasanalternativetootheroperatingsystems,Windows,MacOS,MS-DOS,Solarisandothers.Linuxisnotaprogramlikeawordprocessorandisnotasetofprogramslikeanofficesuite.Linuxisaninterfacebetweencomputer/serverhardware,andtheprogramswhichrunonit.
AbriefhistoryofLinux
WhenLinusTorvaldswasstudyingattheUniversityofHelsinki,hewasusingaversionoftheUNIXoperatingsystemcalled'Minix'.LinusandotheruserssentrequestsformodificationsandimprovementstoMinix'screator,AndrewTanenbaum,buthefeltthattheyweren'tnecessary.That'swhenLinusdecidedtocreatehisownoperatingsystemthatwouldtakeintoaccountusers'commentsandsuggestionsforimprovements.
FreeSoftwarepre-Linux
Thisphilosophyofaskingforusers'commentsandsuggestionsandusingthemtoimprovecomputerprogramswasnotnew.RichardStallman,whoworkedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,hadbeenadvocatingjustsuchanapproachtocomputerprogrammingandusesincetheearly1970's.Hewasapioneerintheconceptof'freesoftware',alwayspointingoutthat'free'means'freedom',notzerocost.Findingitdifficulttocontinueworkingunderconditionsthathefeltwentagainsthisconceptof'freesoftware'heleftMITin1984andfoundedGNU.ThegoalofGNUwastoproducesoftwarethatwasfreetouse,distributeandmodify.LinusTorvalds'goal6yearslaterwasbasicallythesame:
toproduceanoperatingsystemthattookintoaccountuserfeedback.
Thekernel
Weshouldpointoutherethatthefocalpointofanyoperatingsystemisits'kernel'.Withoutgoingintogreatdetail,thekerneliswhattellsthebigchipthatcontrolsyourcomputertodowhatyouwanttheprogramthatyou'reusingtodo.Touseametaphor,ifyougotoyourfavoriteItalianrestaurantandorder'SpaghettiallaBolognese',thisdishislikeyouroperatingsystem.Therearealotofthingsthatgointomakingthatdishlikepasta,tomatosauce,meatballsandcheese.Well,thekernelislikethepasta.Withoutpasta,thatdishdoesn'texist.Youmightaswellfindsomebreadandmakeasandwich.Aplateofjustpastaisfairlyunappetizing.
Withoutakernel,anoperatingsystemdoesn'texist.Withoutprograms,akernelisuseless.
1991,afatefulyear
In1991,idealconditionsexistedthatwouldcreateLinux.Inessence,LinusTorvaldshadakernelbutnoprogramsofhisown,RichardStallmanandGNUhadprogramsbutnoworkingkernel.Readthetwomen'sownwordsaboutthis:
Linus:
Sadly,akernelbyitselfgetsyounowhere.Togetaworkingsystemyouneedashell,compilers,alibraryetc
RMS:
TheGNUHurdisnotreadyforproductionuse.Fortunately,anotherkernelisavailable.[Itiscalled]Linux.SocombiningthenecessaryprogramsprovidedbyGNUinCambridge,Massachusettsandakernel,developedbyLinusTorvaldsinHelsinki,Finland,Linuxwasborn.Duetothephysicaldistancesinvolved,themeansusedtogetLinus'kerneltogetherwiththeGNUprogramswastheInternet,theninitsinfancy.WecansaythenthatLinuxisanoperatingsystemthatcametolifeontheInternet.TheInternetwouldalsobecrucialinLinux'ssubsequentdevelopmentasthemeansofcoordinatingtheworkofallthedevelopersthathavemadeLinuxintowhatitistoday.
Linuxisintroduced
Latein1991,LinusTorvaldshadhiskernelandafewGNUprogramswrappedarounditsoitwouldworkwellenoughtoshowotherpeoplewhathehaddone.Andthat'swhathedid.ThefirstpeopletoseeLinuxknewthatLinuswasontosomething.Atthispoint,though,heneededmorepeopletohelphim.Here'swhatLinushadtosaybackin1991.
Linus:
AreyouwithoutaniceprojectanddyingtocutyourteethonanOSyoucantrytomodifyforyourneeds?
...Thispostmightjustbeforyou.
Peopleallovertheworlddecidedtotakehimuponit.Atfirst,onlypeoplewithextensivecomputerprogrammingknowledgewouldbeabletodoanythingwiththatearlypublicversionofLinux.Thesepeoplestartedtooffertheirhelp.TheversionnumbersofLinuxweregettinghigherandhigher.PeoplebeganwritingprogramsspecificallytoberununderLinux.Developersbeganwritingdriversfordifferentvideocards,soundcardsandothergadgetsinsideandoutsideyourcomputercoulduseLinux.Nevertheless,throughoutmostoffirstpartofthe1990'sLinuxdidnotgetoutofthe'GURU'stage.GURUisatermthathasevolvedtomeananyonewhohasspecialexpertiseinaparticularsubject.Thatis,youhadtohavespecialexpertiseinhowcomputersworkedtobeabletoinstallLinuxinthosedays.
Linux,atfirst,wasnotforeverybody
OtherpopularsoftwarecompaniessoldyouaCDorasetoffloppiesandabriefinstructionbookletandinprobablylessthanahalfanhour,youcouldinstallafullyworkingoperatingsystemonyourPC.Theonlyabilityyouneededwasknowinghowtoread.Thosecompanieshadthatintentionwhentheyactuallysatdownanddevelopedtheiroperatingsystems.LinusTorvaldsdidn'thavethatinmindwhenhedevelopedLinux.Itwasjustahobbyforhim.Lateron,companieslikeRedHatmadeittheirgoaltobringLinuxtothepointwhereitcouldbeinstalledjustlikeanyotheroperatingsystem;byanyonewhocanfollowasetofsimpleinstructions,andtheyhavesucceeded.Forsomereason,though,Linuxhasn'tcompletelylostits'Gurusonly'image.Thisislargelybecauseofthepopulartechpress'inabilitytoexplaininameaningfulwaywhatLinuxis.ThetruthisthatfewtechreportershavereallifeexperiencewithLinuxanditisreflectedintheirwriting.
WhereLinuxisToday
Today,Linuxisenjoyingafavorablepressforthemostpart.ThiscomesfromthefactthatLinuxhasproventobeatremendouslystableandversatileoperatingsystem,particularlyasanetworkserver.WhenLinuxisdeployedasawebserverorincorporatenetworks,itsdown-timeisalmostnegligible.TherehavebeencaseswhenLinuxservershavebeenrunningformorethanayearwithoutre-bootingandthenonlytakendownforabrief
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