英国文学史及复习概要.docx
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英国文学史及复习概要.docx
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英国文学史及复习概要
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
• Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirableinaction,howlikeanangleinapprehension,howlikeagod!
Thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals;andyettomewhatisthisquintessenceofdust?
----WilliamShakespeare
•WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)isoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.
•LikelythemostinfluentialwriterinallofEnglishliteratureandcertainlythemostimportantplaywrightoftheEnglishRenaissance,WilliamShakespearewasbornin1564inthetownofStratford-upon-Avon[‘eivɔn]inWarwickshire,England.Thesonofasuccessfulmiddle-classglove-maker,Shakespeareattendedgrammarschool,buthisformaleducationproceedednofurther.In1582,hemarriedanolderwoman,AnneHathaway,andhadthreechildrenwithher.
•Intheabsenceofdefinitiveprooftothecontrary,Shakespearemustbeviewedastheauthorofthe38playsand154sonnetsthatbearhisname.Thelegacyofthisbodyofworkisimmense.AnumberofShakespeare'splaysseemtohavetranscendedeventhecategoryofbrilliance,becomingsoinfluentialastoaffectprofoundlythecourseofWesternliteratureandcultureeverafter.
•Inhisplayshedoesnothesitatetodescribethecrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofthecivilwars,buthedidnotgoallthewayagainstthefeudalrule.Inhisdramaticcreation,esp.inhishistoriesortragedies,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminordertoupholdsocialorder.Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney.
•HehasacceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.Shakespeare’smajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes
2.divisionsofhisliterarycareer.
•a. thefirstperiod(1590-1600)b. thesecondperiod(1601-1608)c. thethirdperiod(1609-1612)
•3.analysisof“hamlet”and“theMerchantofVenice”
TheFirstPeriod
•HenryVIRichardIIITitusAndronicusTheComedyofErrorsTheTamingoftheShrew
•TwoGentlemenofVeronaLove’sLabour’sLost
TheSecondPeriod
•4Histories:
RichardII,HenryIV,PartIandPartIIHenryV
•6Comedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDreamTheMerchantofVeniceMuchAdoAboutNothing
AsYouLikeItTwelfthNightTheMerryWivesofWindsor
TwotragediesRomeoandJulietJuliusCaesar
TheThirdPeriod
•TragediesHamletOthelloKingLearMacbethAntonyandCleopatra
TroilusandCressidaCoriolanusTimonofAthens
•ComediesAll’sWellThatEndsWellMeasureforMeasure
TheFourthPeriod
•PrincipalRomanticTragicomediesPericlesPrinceofTyreCymbeline
Thewinter’sTaleTheTempest
•PlaysHerryVIIITheTwoNobleKinsmen
Hisworks
Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.
Thefirstperiod:
•5historyplays:
HenryVI,partsI,II,IIIRichardIII,TitusAndronicus
•4comedies:
TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVerona,TheTamingoftheShrewandLove’sLabor’sLost
Thesecondperiod:
•2histories:
RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,PartsIandII,andHenryV
•6comedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight,andTheMerryWivesofWindsor
•2tragedies:
RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar
Thethirdperiod:
•Tragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra,TroilusandCressida,andCoriolanus
•Comedies:
All’sWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure
Thelastperiod:
•Hisprincipalromantictragicomedies:
Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter’sTaleandTheTempest
•Hisfinalplays:
HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen
•Poetry:
twolongnarrativepoemsVenusandAdonisandTheRapeofLucrece154sonnets
•Fourfamouscomedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,AsYouLikeit,TheMerchantofVenice,TwelfthNight
•Sonnet:
isa14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter,witharhymedpattern:
ababcdcdefefgg
四大喜剧ThemerchantofVeniceAsYouLikeITwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDream
四大悲剧HamletOthelloKingLearMacbeth
poetryTheSonnetsALover'sComplaintTheRapeofLucreceVenusandAdonis
FuneralElegybyW.S.
MainfeaturesofShakespeare
•a. oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliteratureaswellasinEnglishliterature;
•b. thegreatsuccessesincharactercreationsinvividnessandintensityinemotionalandpsychologicaldepth;
•c. thepsychologicalprobingofthecharactersinnerconflict;
•d. theadroitplotconstructionconflict;
•e. skilledinmanypoeticforms;
•f. agreatmasterofEnglishlanguage;
•g. thesummitoftheEnglishRenaissanceandoneofthegreatwriterstheworldover
《哈姆雷特》提要
•丹麦国王新死,在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧,参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。
模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现,告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。
哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。
他开始装疯,有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅;他请来戏班,按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事,以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。
后者有所警觉,便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国,并指使差人带信,让英王处决哈姆雷特。
但阴谋败露,哈姆雷特回国,得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。
奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗,而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛,设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。
比赛中,哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中,雷厄提斯也受了致命伤,王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。
雷厄提斯临死前说出真相,哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。
•HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.
HumanistIdeas
•Asahumanistofthetime,hewasfrightenedbythefeudaltyrannyanddisunityandinternecinestruggleforpoweratthecourt,whichledtocivilwars.
•Inhisdramaticcreation,esp.inhishistoricalortragicplays,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminabidtoupholdsocialorder
•Thereisalsoalimittohissympathyforthedowntroddenandtohisantipathyfortherulingclass.
•Hefearsanarchy,hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy.
•Theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromthesocietytoseekcomfortinhisdream.
LiteraryIdeas
•HeaccepttheRenaissancepointofviewonliteratureandadvocatedtodrillthecreamoftheancientGreekandRomanliterature,soastoservethesocietyandthereality.
•Heholdsthatliteraturewillbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth
FrancisBacon(1561-1626)
ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父--Marx
thefirstEnglishessayist Masterpiece:
OfStudies
Englishphilosopher,essayist,courtier,jurist[‘dʒuərist],andstatesman.HewroteessaysinbothEnglishandLatin.His“Essays”
《论文集》wasveryfamousatthattimeand“OfStudy”wastakenfromit
•HiswritingsincludeTheAdvancementofLearning(1605)andtheNovumOrganum(NewInstrument)(1620),inwhichheproposedatheoryofscientificknowledgebasedonobservationandexperimentthatcametobeknownastheinductivemethod.其作品包括《论科学的价值和发展》(1605年)和《新工具论》(1620年),在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论,作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知。
•NewAtlantis1626
•In1623FrancisBaconexpressedhisaspirationsandidealsinNewAtlantis.PublishedinLatin(asNovaAtlantis)in1624andinEnglishin1627,thisutopiannovelwashiscreationofanideallandwhere"generosityandenlightenment,dignityandsplendour,pietyandpublicspirit"werethecommonlyheldqualitiesoftheinhabitantsofBensalem.
•Inthiswork,heportrayedavisionofthefutureofhumandiscoveryandknowledge.Theplanandorganizationofhisidealcollege,"Salomon'sHouse"(orSolomon'sHouse),envisionedthemodernresearchuniversityinbothappliedandpurescience.
•传说沉没于大西洋中的岛
Bacon’sEssays
•HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.
•Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.
•Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloak伪装oftheopposingalternatives.
OfStudies
•a. fiveparts:
purposeofreading,attitudestowardsstudy,principlesofstudies,studymethod,,
•studydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacter,
•Style:
a..Theargumentsarewellarrangedinunityandcoherenceinoneparagraph.
•b. Theconcisenessofexpressionsandphrasespresentsaplainstyleaswellashissimplelanguage.
•c. Thesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.
•d. Theomissionmakestheessayconcise简洁的,clearandcoherent.
•e. Thenaturalflowofparallelsmakeshislogicandphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.E.g.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudy…
•Craftyman…simpleman….
•Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.
读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。
其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
•Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascho
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