《英国文学史及选读》.docx
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《英国文学史及选读》.docx
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《英国文学史及选读》
2007-12-317:
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英国文学史笔记
1.ChildeHarold’sPilipimage
thepoemtellsofChildeHarold’s(Ayouthofnoblebirth)travelsinEurope.Haroldisyoungaristocratwhose“world-weariness”bespeakshisloathingforEnglishhighsociety,Heleaveshimcountrytoescapefromthesocietyhehearsandhatesbeingsolitaryandmelancholyheseekthecompanyshipofmountainsandseas.Butbeneaththismelancholia(精神忧郁症)isasadearnestasufferingyoungmanofardentfeelingswithakeenunderstandingandastrongloveoffreedom.BesidesHarold’simpressionsofthecountrieshevisits.ThepoemininterspersedwithalyricaloutburstsrepresentingByron’sownphilosophicalandpoliticalviews.AtFirsttheviewsareexpressthroughthemouthofHreold,butbyandbythecreatorandthecreationbecomeonethepoetstepsfromthebackstagetotheforeandspeaksdirectorytotheaudiencehimself.
2.Thecricissitudesofhislifeandhisadventuresinmanycountriesaredescribedagainstcariessocialbackgroundsandheisseentotakepartindifferenthistoricaleventsthisgivingamidpanoramaofcontemporarylife(ababcc)
3.DonJuan
DonJuanisByron’smasterpiecewriterintheprimeofhiscreativepower.Hisaimwastoremovethechoakwhichthemannersandmaxofhighsocietythrowovertheirsecretsignsandshowthattotheworldastheyare.Hecalledthispoemanepicsatire.AsatireonabuseofthepresentstateofsocietyalmostallDonJuanisreallife.EithermyownoffrompeopleIknow.InDonJuanByrondisplayedhisgeniusasromanticistandarealistsimultaneously
4.Ozymandias
Theauthorshowshisstronglovebehaviorandhisconsistenthatredfortyranny.InthispoemhealsoexpresseshislongforthenevenageofaoncetyrannicalKing.
5.OdetotheWestWind
Thewestwindisconsidereda“destroyer”becauseitdrivethelastsignoflifefromtrees,it’sisalsoconsideredthe“preserver”becauseitscatterstheseaswhichwascometolifeinspring.
6.ToaSky-Lark
Theauthorportraysthesoftyflightofthesky-lark,thewestwindandthesky-larkaresymbolsoffreedomspiritualvitalitythatthepoetwanttopossessdesperatehisbittercriticismoftheharshsociety.Thepoetfusesinbothpoemsanoteofoptimismofpromisingforhumanity.
7.JohnKeats
Aboutpoem:
ToKeatspoetryexistforit’sownsakeifpreoccupywithphilosophyorpoliticoranycourseatall,itwillloseit’sownidentityorquality
Aim:
KeatswasnotonlythelastbutthemostperfectofRomanticisttheonlyartisticaiminthispoetrywastocreateabeautifulworldimaginationasapposedtotheSophierealisticofhisdays
创作原则:
"beautyistruth,truthbeauty"atthebottomofhispoemlieshisthissatisfactionwiththesocietyinwhichheliedandexperiencedgreatmiseriesandsufferings
8.OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer
韵律韵脚:
ABBA,ABBA,CDCD,CD(意大利)
9.OdetoaNightingale
Inthispoemtheauthorexpresshiswishestofreehimselfformtheburdenofhumancaresandanxietiesandtomoanershimselfinaworldofbeautytogetherwiththebird
10.WhatisthegenreofEnglishliteratureinthe19thcentury
Sofarastheliteraryformforgenreisconcerned,themaincontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.Liketherealistsof18thcentury,the19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuseofthebroadcanvasofnovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofholesocialclasses.However,therealisticnovelsof19thcenturywentfurtherthanthoseof18thcenturyinfacttheynotonlypicturedtheconflictsbetweenseparateindividualswhostoodfordefinitesocialstrata(circle),butalsoshowedthebroadsocialconflictsoverandabovethefateofthemereindividual
11.The19thcenturyrealists’strength.
TheEnglishrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygiveasatiricportalofabourgeoisandalltheclasses,butalsoshowedtheprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeopleclasses,butalsoshowedtheprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworksthegreedandhypocrisyofupperclassesarecontrastedwiththeonshestandgoodheartednessofthesympathymenofthelowerclasses.Hencehumorandsatireareused;humoristingedwithlyricismandserverstostressthehumanqualitiesofpositivecharacters.However,bittersatireisusedtoexposetheseamysideofruralsociety,throughthestretchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceofruleofcosyuponhumannature.Hereliesinthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofcriticalrealismand…inthe19thcentury
12.The19thcenturyrealists’weakness
Thecriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturydidnot,and,duetotheirworldoutlook,could,not,findawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theydidnotrealizethemassiveofchangingbourgeoisiesociety,theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions,thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotarevolutionbutratherareformism:
theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisieworld,merelytocloseinamuchtooco-incidentalhappyendingoranimpotentcompromise(Sowecanseeatoncethe…)
13.Characteristicsofcriticalrealism
Ingeneralthecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividandgreatartisticskill.ThechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalizedsystem.fromademocraticviewpoint:
1Criticalrealismisreflectionoftherealitywithobjectivityspecificityandfacility
2Itisanintenseexposureandcriticismofgreedandhypocrisyofrulingclass
3Therepresentativecharactersdepictedwithinthepreventedsurroundingunfairbothtothesummit
14.AnalysisofOlivertwist
OliverTwisttellsthestoryofanorphanboy,whoseadventuresprovideadescriptionofthelowerdepthsofLondon.
†Intheprefacetothenovel,Dickensproclaimshimselfarealist:
Hemakeshisreadersawareoftheinhumanityofcitylifeundercapitalism.ThefirstelevenchaptersprovideamostbitterandthoroughgoingexposureoftheterribleconditionsintheEnglishworkhouseofthetimeandthecrueltreatmentofapoororphanbyallsortsof“philanthropists”慈善家.
ThefamoussceneinChapterII,inwhichOliverwasbeatenupandpunishedmerelybecauseheventuredtoaskforanextraportionofgrueltoalleviatehisintolerablehunger,isonlyoneofthemanydetailstoshowtheextremebrutalityandcorruptionoftheoppressorsandtheiragents.
Itisinsceneslikethisweseethegreatcriticalrealistvoicingthehelplesssufferingsofthepoorandtheoppressed.
†Dickenssucceedsincallingforththereader’ssympathyforthelowerclasses:
Inthevividdescriptionofthethieves’denandoftheunder-worldofLondon,Dickenssucceedsincallingforththereader’ssympathyforthedown-troddenpeopleofthelowerclasses,who,degradedandcorruptedbythesocialenvironmentofthetime,eitherclimbuptobeparasites寄生虫ofoppressorsorfalltobevictimsofsocietyorevencriminals.Amongthecharactersofthelowerstrata,Oliveristheonlyonewhoemergeshappyandsuccessfulintheend.
Thishappyissue/endingwhichDickens’novelsusuallyendincomesaboutasaresultofhisoptimisticbeliefintheinevitabletriumphofgoodoverevil.
Defectsofthenovel:
1.Theimprobabilityoftheplot:
Towardtheendofthenovel,theplotgetstobeveryintricateandthereaderissimplymystified,andwhenthemysteryisfinallyrevealedtohim,heisfacedwithimpossiblecoincidenceswhichleadtothehappyending.
AtcriticalmomentsOliverhasbeenonceandagainsavedby“kindly”gentlefolk,whohappentobehisparents’kithandkin.亲属
2.Theunconvincingnessofsomecharacters.
Oliverhimselfisapalefigurewhoseemstobethehelplessvictimoffate.FaginandBillSikesaretooinhumantobetrue,whiletherichMr.BrownlowandMissMayliearevaguelypicturedasbenevolentandgood.
Herewemayseethat—
Dickens,whilesympathizingwiththemiseriesofthepeople,didnotknowwhatorwhowasresponsibleforsuchmiseriesandevencherishedsomeillusionaboutrichandidlepeoplelikeMr.BrownlowandMissMaylie.Thewholesocialquestion,inDickens’opinion,wouldbesettledifonlyeveryemployerfollowedtheexamplesetby“goodgentlemen”likeBrownlow.
15.Women’snovelistsin19thcentury
WomennovelistsbegantoappearinEnglandduringthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,butsomegiftedwomenofthe19thcenturymadesuchcontributionstotheEnglishnovelthattheyhavejustifiablywontheirplacesinthefrontranksofthebrilliantrealistsheadedbyDickensandThackeray.TheseremarkablewomennovelistsareJaneAusten,GeorgeEliotandtheBrontesisters.
I.JaneAusten
Founderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople.
Herworks:
NorthangerAbbey,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,MansfieldPark,Persuasion
II.GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)
Novels:
AdamBede(first)《亚当贝德》
TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
SilasMarner《织工马南》
AdamBedeisanovelofmoralconflicts,showingthecontestofpersonaldesires,passions,temperament,humanweaknessandtheclaimsofmoralduty.Inthenovel,thetwopairsoflovers,ArthurandHetty,andAdamandDinaharedescribedincontrasttoeachother.Theformerareshowntobealwaysthinkingoftheirowninterestswithoutanyconsiderationofothers,whilethelatterpairareendowedwithhighmoralprincipleswhichguidetheirconductforthegoodofothersandthemselves.
AccordingtoEliot,themoralprinciplesofmanarecloselyconn
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