城市可持续发展中英文对照论文.docx
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城市可持续发展中英文对照论文.docx
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城市可持续发展中英文对照论文
Principlesofsustainableurbandevelopment
BackgroundandStrategies
Mr.JohannesDell
AS&P–AlbertSpeer&PartnerGmbH,Frankfurt
MitgliedderGeschäftsleitung+Partner/MemberofManagementBoard+Partner
AS&P–ArchitectsConsulting(Shanghai)Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai
ExecutiveDirector
1Introduction
Sincemorethan45years,AS&P-AlbertSpeer&PartnerGmbHhasworkedin
thefieldofurbanandarchitecturaldesign,transportationplanningaswellas
project-andprocess-managementinmanyregionsoftheworld.Strategiccity
developmentinalargescalewithafocusonresources-efficiencyhasbeena
majorissueintheseprojectsalmostfromthefirstprojectson.
Theexperiencesgainedovertheyearshashelpedustoidentifyanumberof
thesis’sandstrategiesforsustainableurbandevelopment,whichcanhelptoplan,
organizeandimplementcity-growthmoreappropriately;indifferentstagesand
scales,fromregionaldevelopmentuptothedesignofsinglebuildings.
Inthiscontext,themoretechnicalaspectsofreducingrecoursesconsumptionplayofcourseanimportantrole.Yetapartfromthat,aspectsofsocialharmonization,themixoffunctionstoprovidelively,manifoldanddiverse
cityscapesandenvironmentsmustberecognized.Andlastnotleastthedesign
ofacityfabric,whichcanbedistinguishedandperceivedbythecitizensas
“their”owncity,quarterorneighbourhood.
Iamtalkingaboutcitizenshipingeneral,corporategovernance,identificationofthecitizenswiththeircommunity,andintheendaboutcity-marketingor–
branding.
Cityplanningandurbandesignareintegralpartsofaprocess,whichstartsonaveryabstractlyonastate-orregionalplanninglevelandendswiththeconstructionofourbuildupurbanenvironment,buildings,openspaces,roads
andinfrastructure.Thisprocessrequiresquiteasophisticatedmanagementtobesuccessful,thatmeansthesynchronizationandharmonizationofmanyoftenparallelevolving,sometimeevencontradictorysub-andsideprocesses;inotherwords:
theintegrationofallpartsofthepuzzleintothebiggerpicture.
Asthecityisunderstoodasalivingorganism,oracomplex,dynamicsystem,
thisprocess-managementrequiresnotonlyaparticipatoryandtransparent
communication-culturewhichintegratestherelevantstakeholders.Itaswell
requiresalotofflexibility,aswellasconstantamendmentandrefinement.Inthis
sense,thefixedvisionsandimagesofa“MasterPlan”whichtriestoprecisely
regulateeverythinguptodetailisnolongerappropriate.Ithastobereplacedby
amoreflexibleplanningtoolwhichallowsorganizing,steeringandmoderating
theplanningprocessatleastascomprehensivelyastheimplementationofthe
results.Thiswillbepointedoutmoredetailedinthefollowing.
Frommypointofviewandmyexperience,thebiggestandmostserious
shortcominginmostcity-planningprojectswhichIcameacrossinchina,isastill
underdevelopedunderstandingofsuchprocessesandtheirmanagement.
Inabroadersensethecityasanorganismmeansthatthetechnical,social,
culturalandpoliticalsystems,theirdifferentelementsandthenetworksthey
constituteshouldberegardedasakindoforganicentity,which“reacts”and
“behaves”quitesimilarto“natural”organicentitieswecalleco-system.
Assuch,itmoreorlessdirectlytendstofollowtheprinciplesinherentto
ecological,organic,“living”systems.Amongtheserules,therearetwowhich
seemtobeofutmostimportance,astheystronglydetermineasystemsabilityto
develop,flexiblyadoptandthusintheendsurvive:
thesystemstendencyto
efficiency,namelytoobtainresource-efficiency,aswellasitstendencyto(self)-
organizeasade-centralizednetwork-structureofbasicallysimilarandself
sustained,“humanscale”entitiesormodules,(quarters,subcentres,coreareas,
satellitesorwhatevertheymightbecalled)whichconstituteaLargerCities,
“Mega-Cities”or“AgglomerationAreas”urbanfabric.
Theideaunderplayingtheseprincipleswithregardtourbandesignis
representedbyacomparativelynewsystemicapproachtowardscityplanning:
theshiftfromanunderstandingofurbandevelopmentasmerelytechnically
determined(stronglyrelatedtoinfrastructure),toaninterpretationthatregards
urbanagglomerationsasnon-linear,dynamic,sometimesevenchaoticsystems
(whichhaveindeedmanycharacteristicsincommonwithcomplexliving
organismsandorganisations).
Likealllivingorganismsbytheway,citiesexperiencedifferentphasesintheirlife-time,andtheycanaswellfallill!
TheBelgianarchitectLucienKrollaswellhas,alreadymanyyearsago,rightfullyposedthequestionwhetherUrbanDevelopmentisanevolutionaryprocess.
Accordingtoourunderstanding,theanswerisyes.
Toahugeextend,theabovementionedprinciplesaredecisiveforwhatweusetocall“sustainableurbandevelopment”.
(side-note:
SustainableUrbanDevelopmentisunderstoodasaprocessof
balancingconstantlychangingdeterminingfactorsofcitydevelopment,withthe
aimtoprovidetothecitizens:
-satisfyingwork
-integrate,stablesocialconditions
-adequatemobility
-politicalsystemwithbalancedrepresentationofinterestsandvalues
-adequatepublicservices
-builtenvironmentservingtheneedsofmoderneconomicandlifestyle
withoutoverstretchingthenaturalenvironmentscapacitytoregenerate.)
Iwouldliketounderlinetheimportanceofsuchkindofdevelopment。
Giventhestillacceleratingprocessofurbanisation,especiallyinchina,thelargecitiesormegacitiesinfactprovidethebattlegroundswhetherappropriatelivingconditionsforthegenerationstocomecanbeprovidedornot!
2Framework-conditionsoftoday’sCity-DevelopmentinChina
Thegeneralframeworkconditionsaresetbythesocalledglobal“Megatrends”:
-Globalisation,understoodasincreasinginteractionandinterdependence
between“globalplayerregions”,producinganewdivisionofurbanlabour,of
productionandservicescapacities,atthesametimeincreasingcompetition
betweentheseregionstoattractthemostcapableglobaleconomicplayersand
groupsofinhabitants(mobilityofthe“Brains”,“knowledgenomads”).
-Urbanisation,regardedasthehugestshiftfromruraltourbanpopulationin
world’shistory,creatingcomplex,manmadesettlementpatternsand
infrastructuralsystemswithhighdensityandaneedforsophisticated
processingandspatialorganisation.(Thedrivingforcesbehindurbanisationare:
industrialisation(indevelopingcountries)respectivelyde-industrialisation
(growthofservicesector),mobility,telecommunicationsrevolution,
informationrevolution)
-Systemicapproach:
asalreadymentioned,(Shiftfromanunderstandingof
urbandevelopmentastechnicallydetermined,toaninterpretationthatregards
urbanagglomerationsasnon-linear,dynamic,sometimesevenchaoticsystems
whichhavemanycharacteristicsincommonwithcomplexlivingorganismsand
organisations.)
-Demographicchange:
theshiftinthecompositionofage-groups,the“aging
population”,firstinthehighlyindustrializedsocietiesinthedevelopedcountries,
subsequentlyandalreadystarting(China!
)intherapidlyurbanisingregionsofthe
developingworld,willleadtoradicallynewapproachesinliterallyallfieldsof
political,social,economicandculturallive.(Itwillinflictgovernmentalaswellas
privatesocialandinsurancesystems,healthcareandeducation,childcareand
elderly-housing,labourtimeandconditions,leisuretimeandtourismactivities,
mobility,transportationandotherinfrastructuralsystems,taxation
regulations……)
Anumberofkeyfiguresandstatisticsclearlyconfirmtheimpactofthese
megatrendsonourfuturelife:
-UrbanPopulationwilldoublefrom2000to2025from2,4billionto5billion.
-By2050,app.75to80%oftheearth’spopulationwillliveincities(today:
47%)
-InChinaalone,anestimated300.000.000to350.000.000(newerstudieseven
predict450.000.000migrantswithinthecoming25years)peoplewillhavetobe
accommodatedas“NewCitizens”inexistingorenewlytobuildcitiesoverthe
next15years(ifthemanyestimatesbydifferentorganisationsandinstituteswill
proofright;theyvaryroughlybetween250millionand400million).Giventhe
averagehouseholdsizeinChinesecities(app.26sqm/capitaincities;for
comparison:
Germany:
38sqm/capita;USA:
60sqm/capita),atotalofapp.
120.000.000newhouseholdshavetobebuilt,includingallnecessary
infrastructures,frompowerplants,airports,railwaystations,roads,waterand
sewagesystems,hospitalsandschoolstotheneighbourhoodshopand
teahouse.Togiveacomparison:
theconstructioneffortneededtoachievethis
aimequalsthecompletebuildingandinfrastructureconstructionofGermany.Not
one,butthreetimes!
Itisnoexaggerationtodrawfromtheabovementionedfirst:
thatthereishardlyanyalternativetosustainablecitydevelopmentandsecond:
thattimehas
alreadystartedtorunout!
Itisobviousthatthisunderstandingofcityplanningrequiresanadequateresponsefromarchitects,urbandesigners,administrativemunicipalbodies,investorsandpoliticaldecisionmakers.Thisresponseisallthemoredifficultbecauseprocessesinurbandevelopmentplanningnormallyprogressquitslowly,atleastwhenitcomestodurablebuiltupstructures.Theirimplementationnormallyrequiresaconsiderableeffort,inplanning,organisationandmanagement,recourses’inputaswellasinvestment(anditnormallyaffectsthelivesofnumerouscitizens).Incontrast,thetimepressureimposedbydynamicchangeslikemigration,technicalinnovation,automobilisation,socialandeconomi
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