mood.docx
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mood.docx
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mood
Quicklinks
Basicstuff
SowhataboutS&F?
Bothersomestuff
References
On-linequiz
Kay-poh
M OOD
Themoodsystembelongstotheinterpersonalmetafunctionoflanguage.Here,weareinterestedintheclauseasexchange;specifically,weareinterestedinthegrammaticalresourcethatrealisesdifferentinteractionalmovesinadiscourse.
Althoughtheremaybesomeconnection,Halliday'smoodsystemhasverylittletodowithyouremotionalstaterightnow,normalorotherwise.
Basic stuff
Rightfromthestart,itwouldbeagoodideatoseparatethetraditionalnotionofmoodfromthetechnicalsenseinwhichHallidayusesit.Traditionally,moodreferstotheverbformsthatexpressafactoraction(a.k.a.indicative=declarative,interrogative),command(imperative),ordoubt(subjunctive).Note,though,thatsubjunctivesarenotdiscussedintheHallidayanframework.
IntheHallidayanframework,mood,unlessotherwisespecified,referstechnicallytothemoodBLOCK,whichcomprisesthefollowingcomponents:
▪Subject(S)
▪Finiteelement(F)
▪Modaladjunct
[To disambiguatetheterms,weshalluse"clausalmood"torefertothetraditionalnotionofmood(declarative,interrogative,etc),and"mood"torefersimplytohowitisusedintheHallidayanframework.]
Movingon.TheS,F,andmodaladjunctsallcomeunderthemoodblock.Allotherelementscomeunderresidue,exceptthefollowingwhicharetobeomittedfromyouranalysis:
▪Conjunctionsandconjunctiveadjuncts
▪Vocativesandexpletives
Youmaywonder,quiterightly,whyvocativesandexpletivesaretobeomittedsincetheyareclearlyinterpersonalinfunction.Well,theansweristhattheyareperipheral[incidental,ifyoulike]totheactofgivingandreceivingofinformationorgoods/services.Soformoodanalysis,youcanleavethemout.
So farsogood?
Nowthenextbigthingyouneedtodoistochopuptheclauseintothemoodandresidueblocks.Beforethat,however,pleaserefreshyourmemoryaboutSVOCAthatyoulearnedinyourfirstyeargrammarcourse(...whendinosaursonceroamedtheearth).
...refreshing,refreshing,refreshing,...
Done?
Okay...you'llnowneedtomakesomeslightadjustments,asfollows:
SVOCA
S
V
O
C
A
Halliday
Nochange
ChangetoF(finite),P(predicator)
ChangetoC(complement)
RetainasC(complement)
ChangetoARorAM
What'sthedifferencebetweencomplementandadjunct?
Halliday&Matthiessen(2004:
122-124)say:
"AcomplementisanelementwithintheResiduethathasthepotentialofbeingSubjectbutisnot...Itistypicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup."
"AnAdjunctisanelementthathasnotgotthepotentialofbeingSubject...AnAdjunctistypicallyrealizedbyanadverbialgrouporaprepositionalphrase(ratherthanbyanominalgroup)."
Sothat'squiteclear,isn'tit?
Nowcomestheeasybit.WhenyouanalysetheclauseusingHalliday'sSFPCA,itbecomesabreezetolocatethemoodblock--grouptheSandFunderMOOD,andthePandCunderRESIDUE.
Whataboutadjunctsthen?
Aha...youneedtobealittlecarefulhere.Therearetwotypesofadjunctsyouneedtoworryabout--modaladjunctsandtheresidueadjuncts.Foreaseofreference,let'srefertothelatterasARs(shortfor"residueadjuncts").ARsprovidecircumstantialinformation(thingstodowithtime,place,manner,etc),includingthebyagentsofpassiveclauses,suchas"thecakewaseatenbyhim".AllARsformpartoftheresidue.
Modal adjuncts(let'scallthemAM),ontheotherhand,formpartofthemoodblock.Theyprovideadditionalinformationonlikelihood,usuality,etc(moodadjuncts),orthespeaker'sopinion,comment,etc(commentadjuncts).PleasenotethatAMsincludebothmoodandcommentadjuncts.
Togiveyouafeelofwhatisinvolvedinmoodandcommentadjuncts,havealookatthetablebelow.Pleasenotethatthetableismerelyforyourreference;youdonotneedtomemorisethewretchedthing.Fromthetable,hopefully,youshouldgetasenseofwhatanAMis,andhowyoucanidentifyit:
Type
Examples
Mood
adjuncts
Probability
probably,possibly,certainly,perhaps,maybe
Usuality
always,ever,seldom,rarely,usually
Obligation
definitely,absolutely,atallcosts,byallmeans
Obviousness
obviously,positively,ofcourse,surely,clearly
Intensity
just,simply,even,merely,really,actually,infact,quite,almost,nearly,scarcely
Polarity
not,n't(asindidn't,etc.)
Comment
adjuncts
Admissive
frankly,tobehonest,totellyouthetruth
Desiderative
(un)fortunately,tomydelight,luckily,regrettably,hopefully
Entreaty
please,kindly
Evaluative
understandably,bymistake,curiouslyenough,mistakenly,unwisely
Opinion
inmyopinion,frommypointofview,personally,tomymind
Persuasive
honestly,really,seriously
Predictive
tomysurprise,surprisingly,asexpected,amazingly,bychance
Presumption
evidently,apparently,nodoubt,presumably
Hereareafewexamplesofmoodandcommentadjuncts:
Moodadjuncts
oMaybethedurianfellonNewton'shead.(probability)
oNewtonseldomthinksstraightthesedays.(usuality)
oNewtoncouldhardlywalkaftertheincident.(degree)
Commentadjuncts
oFrankly,Newtonshouldhavetakenshelterunderanappletree.(opinion)
oHe,regrettably,didnot.(desiderative)
oNewtonhas,nodoubt,developedadislikeforthefruitsincethen.(presumption)
Insummary,then:
▪S,F,AM:
mood
▪P,C,AR:
residue
Beammeup,Scottie!
So whataboutS&F?
YoumighthaveguessedbynowthatSandFareprettyimportantcomponentsofthemoodblock.What'ssospecialaboutthem?
Let'sbeginwiththeFelement.
WhattheFelementdoesisthatitenablessomethingtobearguedabout.Halliday&Matthiessen(2004:
115)notethat"agoodwaytomakesomethingarguableistogiveitapointofreferenceinthehereandnow;andthisiswhattheFinitedoes."Somethingmaybemadearguablebybeingpresentedintermsoftime(Johnbelched;pasttime),modality(Johnmighthavebelched;probability),orpolarity(Johndidbelch;positivepolarity).(Seebelowforthemodalityinfiniteverbs.)
TheSelement,ontheotherhand,enablesapropositiontobeaffirmedordenied.Thesubjectisthatelementthatisresponsibleforthefunctioningoftheclauseasaninteractiveevent.
ThesequentialarrangementofSandFalsorealisesdifferentclausalmoods.Thetypicalpatternsareasfollows:
▪Declarative--S^F
Thetutorialsmadehimhypertensive.
▪Wh-interrogative(wh-word=S)--S^F
Whatmadehimhypertensive?
▪Wh-interrogative(others)--F^S
Whendidhebecomehypertensive?
▪Polarinterrogative--F^S
Didthetutorialsmakehimhypertensive?
▪Imperative(exclusive)--none
Completethetutorialworksheet!
▪Imperative(inclusive)--S
Let'scompletethetutorialworksheet.
Beammeup,Scottie!
Bothersome stuff
1.MarryinganddivorcingFandP.
Inafiniteclause,iftheVGconsistsofonlyoneverb,FisconflatedwithP--youthereforelabeltheverbasF/P.(Ofcourse,iftheclauseisNF,thereisnoFelementtoworryabout.)Hence:
1.Thedurian fell(F/P) onNewton'shead,didn'tit?
TheeasiestwaytopickouttheFelementistoinsertamoodtag,whichpicksouttheFandSelementsofthemainclause.In
(1),themoodtag--didn'tit--raisesapuzzlesincethemainclausedoesn'tcontaintheverbdid.Eggins(1994:
158)clarifies:
"Wheredoesthedidinthetagcomefrom?
Whathappensisthatwithverbsinthesimplepresentorsimplepastdeclarative,theFiniteelementgetsfusedwithanotherelement,knownasPredicator.InearlierformsofEnglish,andstillinemphaticformsofcontemporaryEnglish,thedidusedtobepresentinthemainpartoftheclauseaswellasinthetag[...]IdidlearntheEnglishlanguagefromtheguy,didn'tI?
[...]InunemphaticmodernEnglish,thedidFinitehasbecomefusedinwiththecontentpartoftheverb.Buttechnicallyitisstillthereintheclause,asweseewhenweaddthetag."
Movingon,iftheVGinafiniteclauseconsistsofmorethanoneverb,itisalwaysthefirstverbthatgetslabelledF.EverythingelseintheVGisP:
2.Newton won't(F,AM) beeating(P) duriansforawhile.
Whataboutmulti-wordverbs(suchasphrasalorprepositionalverbs)?
Mainstreamsystemicistswouldtreatthemascomprisingafusedelementoffinite/predicatorfollowedbyanadjunct--forexample,switch(F/P)on(A).Ifeel,however,thatitwouldbealotneatertosimplyregardtheparticlesinsuchmulti-wordverbsasanextensionoftheverband,therefore,partofthepredicator.Hence:
3.Theboy switched(F/P-) on(-P) theradio.
2.What's thedealwithmodalityinfiniteverbs?
Finiteverbsareverbsthataremarkedfortenseand/ormodality.Modalityherereferstodegreesofindeterminacy.Itdoesnotreferonlytomodalverbssuchas"can/could","may/might","shall/should","will/would","must",ormarginalmodalssuchas"usedto","hadto",etc.Indeed,thenotionofmodalitycanbeextendedtoanylexicalverb,notjustmodalverbs.
Inthecaseofverbs,modalityismanifestedintwoways:
▪Modalisation--concerningprobability(includingcertainty)orusuality.
Hemayhaveputonmybriefsbymistake.(probability)
HesingsintheshowereveryFridayevening.(usuality)
▪Modulation--concerningobligation(includingpermission)orinclination.
Yououghttokeepawakeduringthegrammarlecture.(obligation)
Hecansleepallhewants!
(obligation)
Hedesperatelytriedtostayawake.(inclination)
Donotethatthelabelsaboveareforverbsonly,notforAMs.(TheAMlabelsaremorecomplex--asyoumusthaverealisedbynowunles
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