整理毕业设计外文资料及翻译智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计精品.docx
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整理毕业设计外文资料及翻译智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计精品.docx
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整理毕业设计外文资料及翻译智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计精品
毕业设计外文资料及翻译智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计-精品
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外文资料
Agentcontrolledtrafficlights
Introduction
Thequalityof(urban)trafficcontrolsystemsisdeterminedbythematchbetweenthecontrolschemaandtheactualtrafficpatterns。
Iftrafficpatternschange,whattheyusuallydo,theeffectivenessisdeterminedbythewayinwhichthesystemadaptstothesechanges.Whenthisabilitytoadaptbecomesanintegralpartofthetrafficcontrolunititcanreactbettertochangesintrafficconditions.Adjustingatrafficcontrolunitisacostlyandtimelyaffairifitinvolveshumanattention。
Thehypothesisisthatitmightofferadditionalbenefitusingself—evaluatingandself—adjustingtrafficcontrolsystems.Thereisalreadyamarketforanurbantrafficcontrolsystemthatisabletoreactiftheenvironmentchanges;thesocalledadaptivesystems."Real”adaptivesystemswillneedpro-activecalculatedtrafficinformationandcycleplans-basedonthesecalculatedtrafficconditions-tobeupdatedfrequently.
Ourresearchoftheusabilityofagenttechnologywithintrafficcontrolcanbesplitintotwoparts.Firstthereisatheoreticalpartintegratingagenttechnologyandtrafficcontrol.Thefinalstageofthisresearchfocusesonpracticalissueslikeimplementationandperformance。
Herewepresenttheconceptsofagenttechnologyappliedtodynamictrafficcontrol。
Currentlywearedesigningalayeredmodelofanagentbasedurbantrafficcontrolsystem。
Wewillelaborateonthatinthelastchapters.
Adaptiveurbantrafficcontrol
Adaptivesignalcontrolsystemsmusthaveacapabilitytooptimisethetrafficflowbyadjustingthetrafficsignalsbasedoncurrenttraffic。
Allusedtrafficsignalcontrolmethodsarebasedonfeed-backalgorithmsusingtrafficdemanddata—varyingfromyearstoacoupleofminutes-inthepast.Currentadaptivesystemsoftenoperateonthebasisofadaptivegreenphasesandflexibleco—ordinationin(sub)networksbasedonmeasuredtrafficconditions(e。
g。
UTOPIA-spot,SCOOT)。
Thesemethodsarestillnotoptimalwheretrafficdemandchangesrapidlywithinashorttimeinterval.Thebasicpremiseisthatexistingsignalplangenerationtoolsmakerationaldecisionsaboutsignalplansundervaryingconditions;butalmostnoneofthecurrentavailabletoolsbehavepro—activelyorhavemeta—rulesthatmaychangebehaviourofthecontrollerincorporatedintothesystem.Thenextlogicalstepfortrafficcontrolistheinclusionofthesemeta—rulesandproactiveandgoal—orientedbehaviour.Thekeyaspectsofimprovedcontrol,forwhichcontributionsfromartificialintelligenceandartificialintelligentagentscanbeexpected,includethecapabilityofdealingwithconflictingobjectives;thecapabilityofmakingpro—activedecisionsonthebasisoftemporalanalysis;theabilityofmanaging,learning,selfadjustingandrespondingtonon—recurrentandunexpectedevents(Ambrosinoetal。
。
,1994)。
Whatareintelligentagents?
Agenttechnologyisanewconceptwithintheartificialintelligence(AI).TheagentparadigminAIisbaseduponthenotionofreactive,autonomous,internally—motivatedentitiesthatinhabitdynamic,notnecessarilyfullypredictableenvironments(Weiss,1999).Autonomyistheabilitytofunctionasanindependentunitoveranextendedperiodoftime,performingavarietyofactionsnecessarytoachievepre—designatedobjectiveswhilerespondingtostimuliproducedbyintegrallycontainedsensors(Ziegler,1990)。
Multi-AgentSystemscanbecharacterisedbytheinteractionofmanyagentstryingtosolveavarietyofproblemsinaco-operativefashion.BesidesAI,intelligentagentsshouldhavesomeadditionalattributestosolveproblemsbyitselfinreal—time;understandinformation;havegoalsandintentions;drawdistinctionsbetweensituations;generalise;synthesisenewconceptsand/orideas;modeltheworldtheyoperateinandplanandpredictconsequencesofactionsandevaluatealternatives。
Theproblemsolvingcomponentofanintelligentagentcanbearule-basedsystembutcanalsobeaneuralnetworkorafuzzyexpertsystem。
Itmaybeobviousthatfindingafeasiblesolutionisanecessityforanagent。
Oftenlocaloptimaindecentralisedsystems,arenottheglobaloptimum。
Thisproblemisnoteasilysolved.Thesolutionhastobefoundbytailoringtheinteractionmechanismortohaveasupervisingagentco—ordinatingtheoptimisationprocessoftheotheragents.
IntelligentagentsinUTC,ahelpfulparadigm
AgenttechnologyisapplicableindifferentfieldswithinUTC.Theonesmostimportantmentioningare:
informationagents,agentsfortrafficsimulationandtrafficcontrol。
Currently,mostapplicationsofintelligentagentsareinformationagents。
Theycollectinformationviaanetwork.Withspecialdesignedagentsuserspecificinformationcanbeprovided。
Inurbantraffictheseintelligentagentsareuseableindeliveringinformationaboutweather,trafficjams,publictransport,routeclosures,bestroutes,etc。
totheuserviaaPersonalTravelAssistant。
Agenttechnologycanalsobeusedforaggregatingdataforfurtherdistribution.Agentsandmultiagentsystemsarecapableofsimulatingcomplexsystemsfortrafficsimulation.Thesesystemsoftenuseoneagentforeverytrafficparticipant(inasimilarwayasobjectorientedprogramsoftenuseobjects).Theapplicationofagentsin(Urban)TrafficControlistheonethathasourprimeinterest.Hereweultimatelywanttouseagentsforpro-activetrafficlightcontrolwithon-lineoptimisation.Signalplansthenwillbedeterminedbasedonpredictedandmeasureddetectordataandwillbetunedwithadjoiningagents.Themostpromisingaspectsofagenttechnology,theflexibilityandpro—activebehaviour,giveUTCthepossibilityofbetteranticipationoftraffic.CurrentUTCisnotthatflexible,itisunabletoadjustitselfifsituationschangeandcan’thandleun-programmedsituations。
Agenttechnologycanalsobeimplementedonseveraldifferentcontrollayers。
ThisgivestheadvantageofbeingclosetocurrentUTCwhileleavingconsiderablefreedomatthelower(intersection)level.
Designingagentbasedurbantrafficcontrolsystems
Theidealsystemthatwestriveforisatrafficcontrolsystemthatisbasedonactuatedtrafficcontrollersandisabletoproactivelyhandletrafficsituationsandhandlingthedifferent,sometimesconflicting,aimsoftrafficcontrollers.Theproposeduseoftheconceptofagentsinthisresearchisexperimental。
Assumptionsandconsiderationsonagentbasedurbantrafficcontrol
Therearethreeaspectswhereagentbasedtrafficcontroland-managementcanimprovecurrentstateoftheartUTCsystems:
—Adaptability。
Intelligentagentsareabletoadaptitsbehaviourandcanlearnfromearliersituations。
-Communication。
Communicationmakesitpossibleforagentstoco—operateandtunesignalplans.
-Pro-activebehaviour。
Duetotheproactivebehaviourtrafficcontrolsystemsareabletoplanahead.
Tobeacceptableasreplacementunitforcurrenttrafficcontrolunits,thesystemshouldperformthesameorbetterthancurrentsystems.TheagentbasedUTCwillrequireon—lineandpro—activereactiononchangingtrafficpatterns。
AnagentbasedUTCshouldbedemandresponsiveaswellasadaptiveduringallstagesandtimes.Newmethodsfortrafficcontrolandtrafficpredictionshouldbedevelopedascurrentonesdonotsufficeandcannotbeusedinagenttechnology.Theadaptabilitycanalsobedividedinseveraldifferenttimescaleswherethesystemmayneedtohandleinadifferentway(Rogier,1999):
—gradualchangesduetochangingtrafficvolumesoveralongerperiodoftime,
—abruptchangesduetochangingtrafficvolumesoveralongerperiodoftime,
-abrupt,temporal,changesduetochangingtrafficvolumesoverashortperiodoftime,
—abrupt,temporal,changesduetoprioritisedtrafficoverashortperiodoftime
Onewayofhandlingthebalancebetweenperformanceandcomplexityistheuseofahierarchicalsystemlayout。
Weproposeahierarchyofagentswhereeveryagentisresponsibleforitsownoptimalsolution,butmaynotonlybeinfluencedbyadjoiningagentsbutalsoviahigherlevelagents。
Theseagentshavethetaskofsolvingconflictsbetweenlowerlevelagentsthattheycan’tsolve.Thisrepresentscurrenttrafficcontrolimplementationsandidea’s.Onefinalaspecttobementionedistherobustnessofagentbasedsystems(ifallcommunicationfailstheagentrunson,iftheagentfailsafixedprogramcanbeexecuted.
Tobeabletokeepourfirsturbantrafficcontrolmodelassimpleaspossiblewehavemadethefollowingassumptions:
welimitourselvestoinnercitytrafficcontrol(roadsegments,intersections,corridors),wehandleonlycontrolledintersectionswithdetectors(intensityandspeed)atallroadsegments,weonlyhandlecarsandweusesimplerulebasesforknowledgerepresentation。
Typesofagentsinurbanintersectioncontrol
Aswedividethesysteminseveral,recognisable,partswedefinethefollowing4typesofagents:
-Roadsarerepresentedbyspecialroadsegmentagents(RSA),
-Controlledintersectionsarerepresentedbyintersectionagents(ITSA),
—Forspecific,defined,areasthereisanareaagent(higherlevel),
—Forspecificroutestherecanberouteagents,thatspansseveraladjoiningroadsegments(higherlevel).
Wehavenotchosenforoneagentpersignal。
Thismayresultinamoresimplesolutionbutavailabletrafficcontrolprogramsdonotfitintha
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