考研英语第15套题.docx
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考研英语第15套题.docx
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考研英语第15套题
第十五套题
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text106.8
Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheology,thestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovement,theacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturies,arethecommonaims,attitudes,andmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnottodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance.
ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudes,themostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributes,hecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGod,itpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoning,faithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologiansdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcentury,Scholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.Nonetheless,throughouttheScholasticperiod,philosophywascalledtheservantoftheology,notonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheology,butalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.
ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanish-ArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroёs.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyserved,hence,asimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroёsmaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradict,atleastverbally,theteachingsofIslamictheology.
Asaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreason,theScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholastics,suchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselm,didnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.Later,attheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticism,theItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation.[457words]
1.WiththeScholastics,thesearchfornewknowledge.
[A]stoppedcompletely[B]sloweddown
[C]advancedrapidly[D]awakedgradually
2.Whichofthefollowingbestillustratestherelationbetweenreasonandrevelation?
[A]Theyaresimplyidentical.[B]Revelationguidesreason.
[C]Theyareoccasionallycontradictory.[D]Reasonisusedtoperfectrevelation.
3.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2ofthetextthat.
[A]thepositionofphilosophyasahumbleservantwasaccepted
[B]religionhadturnedintoahampertothefunctioningofphilosophy
[C]philosophersoftenquotedrevelationtosupportthemselves
[D]philosophersweresometimesreferredtoinreligiouspractice
4.Averroёsheldthat.
[A]Islamictheologywasoftensubordinatetophilosophy
[B]religioustruthwasnothingbutimaginativefantasy
[C]realtruthwasinaccessibletomanycommonpeople
[D]imperfectexpressionswereresultofflawedreligion
5.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobediscussedinthepartsucceedingthistext?
[A]RelationsofSt.T.Aquinas’achievementstopreviousefforts.
[B]HowSt.T.Aquinasworkedoutinthebalanceindiscussion.
[C]Otherendeavorsontherelationshipofreasonandrevelation.
[D]OutstandingfeaturesofthematureperiodofScholasticism.
Text206.5
Therehavebeenrumors.There’sbeengossip.AllHollywoodisshockedtolearnthatCalistaFlockhart,starofFox’shitTVshowAllyMcBeal,issothin.AndweinthemediaarefallingalloverourselvestryingtofigureoutwhetherFlockharthasaneatingdisorder,especiallynowthatshehasdeniedit.Well,I’mnotplayingthegame.Iftheentertainmentindustryreallycaredaboutsendingthewrongmessageonbodyimage,itwouldn’tneedsomanyslendercelebritiesinthefirstplace.
Butthefactremainsthat2millionAmericans—mostofthemwomenandgirls—dosufferfromeatingdisorders.Inthemostextremecasestheyliterallystarvethemselvestodeath.Andthosewhosurviveareatgreaterriskofdevelopingbrittlebones,life-threateninginfections,kidneydamageandheartproblems.Fortunately,doctorshavelearnedalotoverthepastdecadeaboutwhatcauseseatingdisordersandhowtotreatthem.
Thenumbersareshocking.Approximately1in150teenagegirlsintheU.S.fallsvictimtoanorexianervosa,broadlydefinedastherefusaltoeatenoughtomaintainevenaminimalbodyweight.Notsoclearishowmanymoresufferfrombulimia,inwhichtheybingeonfood,eatingperhapstwoorthreedays’worthofmealsin30minutes,thenremovetheexcessbytakingmedicinetomovethebowelsorinducingvomiting.Nordoesagenecessarilyprotectyou.Anorexiahasbeendiagnosedingirlsasyoungaseight.Mostdeathsfromtheconditionoccurinwomenover45.
Doctorsusedtothinkeatingdisorderswerepurelypsychological.Nowtheyrealizethere’ssomeproblematicbiologyaswell.InastudypublishedintheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatryrecently,researchersfoundabnormallevelsofserotonin,aneurotransmitterinthebrain,inwomenwhohadbeenfreeofbulimiaforatleastayear.Thatmayhelpexplainwhydrugshaveallowedalotofpeopletostopswallowinginlargedosesoffood.Unfortunately,thepillsdon’tworkaswellfordenialoffood.Nordotheyofferasimpleone-stopcure.Health-careworkersmustre-educatetheirpatientsinhowtoeatandthinkaboutfood.
Howcanyoutellifsomeoneyoulovehasaneatingdisorder?
“Bulimicswilloftenleaveevidencearoundasiftheywanttogetcaught.”SaysTamaraPryor,directorofaneating-disordersclinicattheUniversityofKansasinWichita.Anorexics,bycontrast,aremorelikelytogothroughlongperiodsofdenial.[430words]
6.Wecaninferfromthefirstparagraphthat.
[A]themediahasmisleadthepublic’sviewofcelebrities
[B]thereismuchmisunderstandingabouteatingdisorders
[C]bodyimageconcernsareanindicationofeatingdisorders
[D]theentertainmentindustryiscombatingeatingdisorders
7.Thevictimsofeatingdisorders,moreoftenthannot,will.
[A]starvethemselvestodeath[B]suffergreatlyfromthecomplications
[C]puzzledoctorsintheyearstocome[D]recovercompletelywithnoaftereffects
8.Theword“binge”(Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.
[A]eatexcessively[B]refusetoeat
[C]failtodigest[D]enjoyagoodappetite
9.Bulimiaisfoundtobe.
[A]relatedtothelevelofserotonin
[B]psychologicalratherthanbiological
[C]identicalwithanorexianervosainthecure
[D]aleadingcauseofdeathamongmiddle-agedwomen
10.Thewaytofindapersonwitheatingdisorders.
[A]focusesonhiddensymptoms[B]varieswithtypeofthecondition
[C]isorientedatthevictim’sresponse[D]remainsperplexingdespiteeffortsmade
Text307.8
Songscanhaveapowerfuleffectonpeople.Play“Gypsies,TrampsandThieves”tomanybabyboomers,forexample,andchancesarethey’llrunoff,handsovertheirears.Songscanhaveapowerfuleffectamongbirds,too.Considertheblack-cappedchickadee.Whenitsingsits“chick-a-dee”song,itsflockmatescomerunning.Thesongisawarningthatahawk,owlorotherpredatorisperchednearby,andtheotherchickadeesarrivetoharasstheenemyuntilitleaves.
ResearchersfromtheUniversityofMontanahavediscoveredthatthiswarningcallisacodedsignal.Byvaryingthecall,abirdcommunicatestootherbirdsthesizeofthepredator,andthusthescopeofthedanger.“Thisissofarthemostfinelydetailedalarmcallsystemthatwe’vefound,”saidtheleadresearcher,ChristopherN.Templeton,whoisnowadoctoralstudentattheUniversityofWashington.ThefindingsappearinthecurrentissueofthejournalScience.
Mr.Templetonandhiscolleaguesexposedchickadeesto15differentspeciesofpredatorsandrecordedandanalyzedthecallsthebirdsmade.Inadditionto“chick-a-dee”,thebirdsmakeahigh-pitched“seet”callwhentheyspyapredatorflyingintheair.Uponhearingthiscall,theotherbirdseitherdiveforcoverorremainmotionlesssoasnottobespotted.Butit’sthe“chick-a-dee”callthattheresearchersfocusedon.“Theychangeanumberofdifferentfeaturesaboutthesecalls,”Mr.Templetonsaid.“Butmostarenotaudibletousexceptthenumberof‘dees’attheend.”
Theyfoundthatthebirdsvariedthenumberof“dee”soundsdependingonthesizeofthepredator.More“dees”—asmanyas21inonecase—weresoundedforsmallerpredatorsliketheNorthernpygmy-owl.Becausechickadeesaresmallandfast,smaller,moreagilepredatorsaremoreofathreatthanlargerones.
Themore“dees”,themorechickadeesshowuptoharassthepredator,bydive-bombingi
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