Dlfgvy托福写作总结tony老师.docx
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Dlfgvy托福写作总结tony老师.docx
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Dlfgvy托福写作总结tony老师
生活需要游戏,但不能游戏人生;生活需要歌舞,但不需醉生梦死;生活需要艺术,但不能投机取巧;生活需要勇气,但不能鲁莽蛮干;生活需要重复,但不能重蹈覆辙。
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托福写作总结
托福考试的介绍:
综合写作(integrated)20分钟主要靠听力
Write理想字数150字/20分钟
理想分数3~4分
独立写作(independent)30分钟
理想字数350字/25分钟
理想分数4~5分
算分方法:
(integrated+independent)/2*6
POOL:
熟练掌握题库185道题目,最少读三遍,对题目进行分类(合并题目,掌握热点)
Education
Learning
托福考试热点Environment
Lessonsinlife
Moderntechnology
Massmedia
独立写作的框架:
(开头50字,结尾50字,中间分三段,每段80个字。
)
Definition
1.1HookHistory
Importance
1.IntroductionControversy
Quotation
1.2Bridge
1.3Mainpoint
1.1Hook常用表达:
1.Contrarytowhatmostpeoplebelieve,()arenotamodernconcept.
1.11History2.()haveavenerablehistory,datingbacktothousandsofyearsago.
3.()haveahistorynearlyaslongashumancivilizationitself.
4.AncientChinese/ancientEgyptians/ancientIndians/cavemen().Theseactivitiescanbeseenastheearliestformsof().
1.()beplayinganincreasinglyimportantrolein().
2.()beanindispensablepartin().
1.12Importance3.()has/vehadenormous(tremendous)impacts(influences/effects)oneveryaspect(fact)of().
4.()has/veevolvedintoamulti-billiondollarindustry.
1.Opinionsabout()’seffectson()havevaried.
1.13Controversy
2.Hascreatedconsiderablecontroversyin/among().
Native(本土化)
1.14QuotationExplanation(sb),oneofthegreaterandmostinfluential(mostbrilliant,foremost)Chinese(philosophers,scholars,educators,thinkers,writers,artists,statesmen,military,leaders,scientists…)(ofthe20thcentury)remarked(commented,hasputit),“…”.
Imagination(Mencius)historyisaclearmirror,historyisabrightlamp,historyisawiseteacher.
(Confucius子曰)具体内容见讲义附录
Introduction除了用hook之外,还可以用question(bridge)的格式来写。
Bridgequotation(hook)
MainpointMP
1.2Bridge的常用表达设问法1.thequestionis“…”
2.()constantlyfindthemselvesconfronted.
虚拟观点—someeducatorsarguethatadolescentsareencouragetostudymore.
1.3Mainpoint设问法(回答问题)——Ibelievetheanswerisyes(no).
虚拟观点——I(dis)agreewiththisopinion,thereasonsareasfollows.
2.Body:
Subpoint分论点
连接词:
Logicalword:
First(tobeginwith,forstarters)
Second
Finally(last,butnotleast)
并列:
besides,inadditionto(prep)
Inaddition,furthermore,moreover(adv)
递进:
moreimportant,mostimportant,aboutall(adv)
(副词后面不能加名词)
转折:
but,yet,however
让步:
although,though,despite,thefactthat
对比:
ontheonehand,ontheotherhand
3.Conclusion:
3.1Logicalword:
Allinall,inanutshell,insummary,inconclusion
3.2Paraphrase
MP&gistsentence(排比方式)讲义上有例子
3.3Finalcomments:
Suggestion
Quotation(如果开头用了名人,结尾可以用身边的人)
Positive:
As(name),(),haswiselyputit,“makethebestofeverything.”weshouldexploreitsbenefits(advantages)tothefullextenttoservethebestinterestsof().
Negative:
As(name),(),haswiselyputit,“()”,itishightime(itisimperative)totakeeffectivemeasurestoreduceitsnegativeimpacts(addresstheproblem)topromote(ensure)theinterests(well-being)of().
Positive&negative
(Name),(),haswiselyputit,“everythinghasitsgoodandevilsides/()isadouble-edgedsword.”asaresult,weshould…and,inthemeantime,…to…
写作细节:
1.Mainpoint如何确立?
根据题库可将作文题目分成四类:
1.1A+-型:
一个事物的正负面影响
Example154
Hook
Imp+contro
Bridge
Parentsandeducatorsfindthemselvesconstantlyconfrontmentwiththequestion,“are……问题?
”
A+
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisyes.
A+1
Provideincentives
A+2
Improveonweaknesses
A+3
Con
A-
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisno.
A-1
Createexcessivestress
A-2
Harmallarounddevelopment
A-3
Con
A+>A-
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisaqualifiedyes,despitesomenegativeconsequences,scoresoftenfarmorebenefit.
A+1
A+2
A-1
A->A+
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisaqualifiedno,despitesomebenefitconsequences,scoresoftenfarmorenegative.
A+>A-/A-.A+;although;despitethefactthat;despite.
Example:
Although/despitethefactthatitgivesrisetoproblemsandchallenges,Abringsgreaterbenefits.
Despitesomeproblemsandchallenges,Abringsgreaterbenefits.
Example144
A+-
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisyesandno.scoresaremixedblessings.
Ontheonehand
A+ontheonehand,scoresencouragesstudentstostudyharder.
A+1.
A+2…
Ontheotherhand
A-ontheotherhand,scorescanhavenegativeconsequences.
A-1
A-2…
Example74
Hook
Imp+contro
Bridge
设问
A-
MP
Iagreewiththisopinion.
A-1
Harmshealth
A-2
Impactslearning
A-3
Leadstorisesincrimes
Con
A+
MP
Idisagreewiththisopinion.
A+1
Disseminateinter
A+2
Enhancelearning
A+3
Improvefriendship
Con
A->A+
MP
Basically(Essentially),Iagreewiththisopinion.Althoughitofferssomebenefits,televisionhasfarmorenegativeimpacts.
A-1
A-2
A+1
A+-
MP
Ibelievetelevisionisamixedblession.
Ontheonehand,A+
Ontheonehand,A-
Casebycase
MP
Mystanceshouldbedeterminedonacasebycasebasis.
Educationalprogramspromotethedevelopmentofadolescents.
Case1
Discoveryseries—scientificfactsandtheories
Case2
Familyalbum—languagelearning
Inappropriateorindecentprogramshaveharmfuleffects.
Case1
Smokingscene—harmhealth
Case2
Sexandviolencecontent—commit
Con
1.2AB型:
两个不同的事物选择
Example78
A-outdoor;B-indoor
A
(1)
MP
Ibelieveoutdooractivitiesaresuperior.
A+1
Enjoyacongenialenvironment.
A+2
Havemorephysicalactivities.
A+3
Excitingandthrilling.(bungeejumping)
Con
A
(2)
MP
A+1
A+2
B-1
Underminehealth.
A(3)
MP
Althoughindooractivitieshavetheirmerits,Ibelieveoutdooractivistsaresuperiorbecausetheyhavegreaterbenefits.
A+1
A+2
B+1
B
(1)
MP
Indooractivitiesarebetterchoices.
B+1
Convenient
B+2
Comfortable
B+3
Safe
Con
B
(2)
MP
Indooractivities
B+1
B+2
A-1
Dangerous
Con
B(3)
MP
Althoughoutdooractivitieshavetheirmerits,Ibelieveindooractivistsaresuperiorbecausetheyhavegreaterbenefits.
B+1
B+2
A+1
Con
Casebycase
MP
Theanswertothatquestionshouldbedeterminedonacasebycasebasis.
Inmanycases,outdooractivitiesarebetterchoices.
Case1
Case2
However,inmanyothercases,indooractivitiesarepreferable.
Case1
Case2
1.3A?
型:
Example182
MP
Ibelievetherearemainlythreereasonswhypeopleareattractedtodangerousactivities.
Sp1
Sp2
Sp3
Example43
MP
Icanlearnthreeaspectsofacountryfromwatchingitsmovies.
Sp1
Learnaboutthelivesoffamouspeople.
Sp2
Importanthistoricalevents.
Sp3
Deliciousfood.
1.4Compound型:
分解成A+-/AB型题目来做
Example06-10-28renewableresourcesofenergywillsoonreplacetheoldresourcesoffossilfuels.
MP
Ibelievefossilfuelswillbereplacedbyrenewableenergyeventuallybutnotsoon.
A+
Cheapercleaner
B-
Expensivepollution
A-
Unreliable
Con
Example07-12-01peopleshouldnothavetopayforpublictransportation.
MP
Ibelievetheanswerisqualifiedyes.
A+1
Reducepollution
A+2
Reducecongestion
A+3
Savemoneyforresidents
A-1
Imposefinancialburdenoncityauthorities
B
Othereffectiveopinionslowerctiarges
2.BrainstormSps
Convincing
RequirementDevelopable
3subpoints
Way1:
Bias(有倾向性的观点)
(Convincing,Developable)
Facts
Way2:
Segmentation
(Developable,3Sps)
Way3:
Concretion
Abstract
Way4:
Two-sideMP
One-side
Example17
MP
Theanswerisno.
A-1
Judgingbylooksleadstoterriblemistakesaboutaperson’scontent.
A-2
Judgingbylooksisequaltodiscrimination.
Example43见上
Example115
A+1
Teachtheireldershowtouseacomputer/skater.
Example114
A+1
Novelsgivemorefreedomforimagination.
A+2
Novelsaremoreconvenienttoread.
A+3
Novelsarecheaper.
Example56
Sp1
Relieveloneness.
Sp2
Achievedifficulttasks.
Sp3
Contributetodemocracy.
Sp4
Makemoney.
Example171
A+1
Insomecasesdressdosereflecttasteandpersonality.
3.Universalsub-point(常用观点)
3.1Cheap:
1)Economical
2)Costless/savemoney
3)Relievefinancialburden
Expensive:
1)Costalot
2)Imposefinancialburden
附:
Directcosts
Indirectcosts(travelingcosts)(间接费用)
一次性投入少也有可能expensive:
1)Long-termcost(maintenancecosts)(供车)
2)Externalcosts(pollution)
一次性投入多也有可能Cheap:
1)producefinancialgains(增值)
2)Contributetoeconomy
3)Providejobopportunities(提供就业机会)
3.2Timesaving:
1)Fast,expeditions
Timeconsuming:
1)Beawasteoftime
3.3
Safe:
1)Reducetheriskofsuffering.
Fromphysicalinjuriesaccidents,crime,orfinancial,losses.
Dangerous/risky:
1)Heightentherisksofsuffering
Fromphysicalinjuriesaccidents,crime,orfinancial,losses.
3.4Convenient
(1):
1)Beconvenienttouse—beusedanywhereatanytimenotneedforspecialequipment.
Inconvenient:
3.5Convenient
(2):
1)Beconvenienttoliveprovideeasyaccesstotransportationmeansandfacilities.
Inconvenient
3.6
Healthy:
1)Providesbwithopportunitiestoengageinphysicalactivities.
2)Promotethephysicalhealthyanddevelopmentofadolescents.
3)Reducetherisksofvariousdiseases.
Unhealthy:
(highbloodpressure高血压;obesity发胖)
1)Decreasephysicalactivitiesandmakelifeincreasinglysedentaryundermine.(type2diabetes糖尿病)
2)Heightentheriskofvariousdiseases.
3.7Healthy(心理):
1)Reduceexcessiveemotional(mental,acatiemic)stressandhelppeopletorelax.
Unhealthy:
1)Createexcessivestress.
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