1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和解析.docx
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1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和解析.docx
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1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和解析
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabelled[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Whentelevisionfirstbegantoexpand,veryfewofthepeoplewhohadbecomefamousasradiocommentatorswereabletobeequallyeffectiveontelevision.Someofthedifficultiestheyexperiencedwhentheyweretryingto___1___themselvestothenewmediumweretechnical.Whenworking___2____radio,forexample,theyhadbecome___3___toseeingonbehalfofthelistener.
This___4___ofseeingforothersmeansthatthecommentatorhastobeverygoodattalking.___5___all,hehastobeableto___6___acontinuoussequenceofvisualimageswhich___7___meaningtothesoundswhichthelistenerhears.Inthe___8___oftelevision,however,thecommentatorseeseverythingwiththeviewer.Hisrole,therefore,is___9___different.Heistheretomake___10___thattheviewerdoesnotmisssomepointofinterest,tohelphim___11___onparticularthings,andto___12___theimagesonthetelevisionscreen.___13___hisradiocolleague,hemustknowthe___14___ofsilenceandhowtouseitatthosemoments___15___thepicturesspeakforthemselves.
1.[A]turn[B]adapt[C]alter[D]modify
2.[A]on[B]at[C]with[D]behind
3.[A]experienced[B]determined
[C]established[D]accustomed
4.[A]efficiency[B]technology[C]art[D]performance
5.[A]Of[B]For[C]Above[D]In
6.[A]inspire[B]create
[C]cause[D]perceive
7.[A]add[B]apply[C]affect[D]reflect
8.[A]occasion[B]event[C]fact[D]case
9.[A]equally[B]completely
[C]initially[D]hardly
10.[A]definite[B]possible
[C]sure[D]clear
11.[A]focus[B]attend
[C]follow[D]insist
12.[A]exhibit[B]demonstrate
[C]expose[D]interpret
13.[A]Like[B]Unlike[C]As[D]For
14.[A]purpose[B]goal[C]value[D]intention
15.[A]if[B]when[C]which[D]as
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)
Passage1
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.
DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.SomethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronceproudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:
accountability.
Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.
Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honesty,kindness,andsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw—and,ultimately,nosociety.
Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.
Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertowns,usually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:
“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!
”
Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.
Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:
byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.
Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.
WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.
16.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat_____.
[A]it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil
[B]it’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit
[C]it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil
[D]it’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil
17.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,_____________.
[A]societyistobeheldresponsible
[B]moderncivilizationisresponsibleforit
[C]thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame
[D]thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved
18.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave________.
[A]lessself-discipline
[B]bettersenseofdiscipline
[C]moremutualrespect
[D]lesseffectivegovernment
19.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat_______.
[A]peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals
[B]peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards
[C]today’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty
[D]peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities
20.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat______.
[A]stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies
[B]moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow
[C]morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’sbehavior
[D]morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability
Passage2
Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.
Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreasehissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.
21.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause_______.
[A]thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged
[B]theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped
[C]moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade
[D]ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance
22.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto_________.
[A]graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges
[B]socialrecognition
[C]socio-economicstatus
[D]certainbehavioralchanges
23.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis_______.
[A]elevenyearsold
[B]sixteenyearsold
[C]twenty-oneyearsold
[D]betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold
24.Startingfrom22,_______.
[A]onewillobtainmorebasicrights
[B]theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave
[C]onewon’tgetmorebasic
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