Chapter Three Lexicon.docx
- 文档编号:17890615
- 上传时间:2023-08-04
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:35.60KB
Chapter Three Lexicon.docx
《Chapter Three Lexicon.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Chapter Three Lexicon.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
ChapterThreeLexicon
ChapterThreeLexicon(词汇)
WordThedefinitionofWord
Threesensesof“WORD”
IdentificationofWords
ClassificationofWords
Lexicon
MorphologyThedefinitionofmorphology
Morpheme
Twobranchesofmorphology
Sememe(义素)&Morpheme
Phoneme&Morpheme
Morpheme,Morph(形素),Allomorph
LexicalChangeLexicalchangeproper(特有的词汇变化)
Phonologicalchange(音位变化)
Morphosyntacticchange(形态句法变化)
Semanticchange(语义变化)
Orthographicchange(拼写变化)
Word
1ThedefinitionofWord(trytodefineword)
Aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.
2Threesensesof“WORD”
(1)Aphysicalunit:
aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks
(词是自然的有界限的对立单位)
Eg.Phonological:
[itiz‘wʌndəful]Orthographic:
Itiswonderful.
(2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm
(词既是一个普通术语,又是一个专门术语)
Eg.walk,walks,walking,walked
ageneralterm:
把这些视为walk这一个词的变形aspecificterm:
把这些视为四个词
(3)Agrammaticalunit:
词是一个语法单位(词是语法诸多层面中的一级)
.....
sentence
clause
phrase/wordgroup
word
morpheme
......
3IdentificationofWords
(1)StabilityChairmanbutnot*manchair
(2)Relativeuninterruptibility:
(相对连续性)disappointment*disinterestappointment
(3)Aminimumfreeform:
thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself(最小自由形式)
--IsJanecomingtonight?
--Possibly.
Hi.
Wonderful.
4ClassificationofWords
(1)Variablevs.InvariableWords(可变化词和非变化词)
Variablewords:
write,writes,writing,wrote,written;cat,cats.
Invariablewords:
since,when,seldom,through,etc.
(2)Grammaticalvs.LexicalWords(语法词和词汇词)
Grammatical/Functionwords(功能词):
conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.
Lexical/Contentwords(实义词):
nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.
(3)Closed-classvs.Open-classWords(封闭类词和开放类词)
Closed-classwords:
Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,egpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.
Open-classwords:
Newmemberscanbeadded,egnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.
(4)Wordclass
Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.
Somenewtermsinwordclass:
Particle(小品词):
infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.
Auxiliary(助动词):
do,have
Modalverbs(情态动词):
can,will,may,must,etc.
Pro-forms(代词形式):
substitutesforotherterms.
Pronoun(代词):
he,she,I,they,everyone
Pro-adjective(代形容词):
Yourcarisred.Soishis.
Pro-verb(代动词):
HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.
Pro-adverb(代副词):
HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.
Pro-locative(代处所词):
Hewentthere.
Determiner(限定词):
allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.
Predeterminers(前位限定词):
all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters…;double,twice,threetimes…;such,what(exclamative)
Centraldeterminers(中位限定词):
a,an,the;this,these,that,those;my,our,your,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,enough,much,more,most
Postdeterminers(后位限定词):
first,second,one,two,next,last,many,several,few,little;(a)dozen*theiralltrouble*fivetheallboys*allthisboy*allbothgirls
Morphology
1Thedefinitionofmorphology
Morphology:
thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents--morphemes.
2Morpheme
*ThedefinitionofMorpheme
Thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
e.g.Internationalismchairmanpurify:
pur(e)+ifysimplify;beautify;falsify
boy,desire
boyish,desirable
boyishness,desirability
gentlemanliness,undesirability
Ungentlemanliness
antidisestablishmentarianism
boy,desire
boy+ish,desir(e)+ble
boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity
gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity
un+gentle+man+li+ness
anti+dis+establish+ment+ar(y)+ian+ism
*TypesofMorpheme
(1)Freevs.Boundmorphemes(自由语素和黏着语素)
Freemorphemes(自由词素):
thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.
Compound(复合词):
itconsistswhollyoffreemorphemes.e.g.godfather;sunglass;blackboard;blackbird
Boundmorphemes(黏着词素):
thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.dissatisfied:
dis/satisfy/ed
(2)Root,Affix,Stem(词根,词缀和词干)
Root:
thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,
egunfriendlinessinternationalismretain,contain,maintain
freerootmorpheme:
thosethatcanstandbythemselves.black,blackbird,blackboard,blacksmith
boundrootmorpheme:
thosethatcannotstandbythemselves.
Affix:
thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.
Normallydividedintoprefix(dis-,un-)andsuffix(-en,-ify)andinfix.
-iz-or–izn-
Forexamplehizouse,shiznit
–ma-
Forexamplesophistimacated,saxomaphone,andedumacation.
Stem:
amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,
e.g.friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es,friend’s.
Astemmaybeequivalenttoaroot.e.g.friends:
friend+s
orthecombinationofarootandoneormorederivationalaffix.e.g.friendships:
friendship+s
Root+derivationalaffix=stem
Root=stem似乎词干是相对来说的,但是词根是绝对的
(3)InflectionalandDerivationalMorphemes(affixes)(屈折词缀和派生词缀)
Inflectionalmorphemesarethosemorphemeswhichmanifestthegrammaticalrelationshipsoftheitemstowhichtheyareattached,suchasnumber,person,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto.
EnglishInflectionalMorphemes
-s3rdpersonslpresentShewait-sathome.
-edpasttenseShewait-edathome.
-ingprogressiveeat-ingthedonut.
-enpastparticiplehaseat-enthedonut.
-spluralSheatethedonut-s.
-’spossessiveDisa’shair
-ercomparativeshort-er
-estsuperlativetheshort-esthair
Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesthatarenotinflectional.E.g.dis-and–yindishonestyarebothDMs.Theymaychangethewordclassofthestemstheyareattachedtoornot(e.g.carelessandchildhood),yettheyoftenchangethelexicalmeaningofthem(careandcareless).
●Derivationalaffix
●Moreproductive
●lexicalmeaning
●Dochangewordclass
●Functioningtodistinguishwords’meaning
●Prefix/infix/suffix
Inflectionalaffix&Derivationalaffix
●Inflectionalaffix
●Lessproductive
●grammaticalmeaning
●Donotchangewordclass
●Functioningwithinthephraseorsentence
●Wordfinal
3Twobranchesofmorphology
(1)Inflectionalmorphology&Derivationalmorphology
Inflectionalmorphology
Nominalforms:
boys,boy’s
Verbforms:
wants,wanted,wanting
Adjective/adverbforms:
smaller,smallest
Derivationalmorphology:
Wordsconsistingoffreemorphemes
Nouncompounds:
daybreak,playboy,
Verbcompounds:
brainstorm,lipread,babysit
Adjectivecompounds:
gray-haired,insect-eating,dutyfree
Prepositioncompounds:
into,throughout
(2)word-formation
1 Endocentric&exocentriccompound
一个名词性或形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出来的,因此也被称作动词性复合词或合成复合词。
第一个成分通常是过程动词的参与者。
离心的名词性复合词由动词+名词,动词+形容词,和动词+介词构成,而离心的形容词性复合词由动词+名词和动词+形容词构成。
通常情况下,位于右边的成分不仅决定整个复合词的类别,而且决定复合词的主要意义。
在这个意义上,右边的成分是中心成分。
Endocentriccompound:
oneelementservesasthehead
Bittersweet
Pickpocket
Breakfast
playboy
Exocentriccompound:
thereisnohead
Strawberry
Doghouse
Sunflower
Virus-sensitiv
Writtenformsofcompounds
Solid:
blackboard,teapot,bodyguard
Hyphenated:
wedding-ring,wave-length
Open:
coffeetable,washingmachine
2 Derivation派生showsarelationshipbetweenrootsandaffixes.e.g.Unconsciousnational
Class-changing(词类改变):
N>V:
lengthen,hospitalize,discard
N>A:
friendly,delightful,speechless
V>N:
worker,employee,inhabitant
V>A:
acceptable,adorable
A>N:
rapidness,rapidity
A>V:
deafen,sweeten
Adj>Adv:
exactly,quickly
Class-preserving(词类不改变):
N>N:
nonsmoker,ex-wife,booklet
V>V:
disobey,unfasten
A>A:
irrelevant;impossible
判断正误填空
Amorphememustconveyalexicalmeaning.
Allwordscanbesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.
Freemorphemescanbefurtherclassifiedintoinflectionalandderivationalmorphemes.
Theword"modernizations"ismadeupofthreemorphemes.
Derivationalmorphemesneverchangetheclassofthewordstowhichtheyareattatched.
Inflectionalmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsandlexicalrelations,suchasnumber,tense,aspect,person,case,etc.
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiesthe________ofwordsandthe____bywhichwordsarefromed.
Morphologycanbesubdividedintotwobranches:
____morphologyand____morphology.
"careless"isthe____oftheword"carelessness".
"gental"isthe____oftheword"gentlemanliness".
____affixes,____affixes,and____rootsareallboundmorphemes.
Howmanymorphemes?
43223534
unselfishness
justifiable
sporting
crowded
overdeveloped
naturalistically
subdivision
uninvitedly
4Sememe(义素)&Morpheme
FearlessCarelessCeaselessCountlessValuelessDoubtless
Less——WITHOUT
OnemorphemeOnesememe
AriseAwashAtypical
OnemorphemeMorethanonesememe
ImpossibleInappropriateUnfairIllegal
im-,in-,un-,il-ànot,no
MorethanonemorphemeOnesememe
EnjoyCranberry
en-,cran-ànospecialmeaning
Morphemenosememe
FishRunRegularEnd
FunctionchangeinsememeandmorphemeButwithoutmorphemechange
Sememe(义素):
thesmallestcomponentofmeaning.e.g.–sonesememe:
Plurality
Morpheme(词素):
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.
5Phoneme&Morpheme
BoysBoy’s
s,s,à/z/
OnemorphemeOnephoneme
LovelyTobacco
Onemorpheme
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Chapter Three Lexicon