最新整理雅思写作高分范文赏析Cloning.docx
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最新整理雅思写作高分范文赏析Cloning.docx
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最新整理雅思写作高分范文赏析Cloning
雅思写作高分范文赏析:
Cloning
Cloning
ShortlyaftertheannouncementthatBritishscientistshadsuccessfully
clonedasheep,Dolly,cloninghumanshasrecentlybecomeapossibilitythat
seemsmuchmorefeasibleintoday’ssociety.Thewordclonehasbeenappliedto
cellsaswellastoorganisms,sothatagroupofcellsstemmingfromasingle
cellisalsocalledaclone.Usuallythemembersofacloneareidenticalin
theirinheritedcharacteristicsthatis,intheirgenesexceptforany
differencescausedbymutation.Identicaltwins,forexample,whooriginateby
thedivisionofasinglefertilizedegg,aremembersofaclone;whereas
nonidenticaltwins,whoderivefromtwoseparatefertilizedeggs,arenot
clones.(Microsoft?
Encarta?
97Encyclopedia).Therearetwoknownwaysthatwe
canclonehumans.Thefirstwayinvolvessplittinganembryointoseveralhalves
andcreatingmanynewindividualsfromthatembryo.Thesecondmethodofcloning
ahumaninvolvestakingcellsfromanalreadyexistinghumanbeingandcloning
them,inturncreatingotherindividualsthatareidenticaltothatparticular
person.Withthesetwomethodsatourdesposal,wemustaskourselvestwovery
importantquestions:
Shouldwedothis,andCanwe?
Thereisnodoubtthatmany
problemsinvolvingthetechnologicalandethicalsidesofthisissuewillarise
andwillbevirtuallyimpossibletoavoid,buttheoverallideaofcloning
humansisonethatweshouldacceptasapossiblerealityforthefuture.
Cloninghumansisanideathathasalwaysbeenthoughtofassomethingthat
couldbefoundinsciencefictionnovels,butneverasaconceptthatsociety
couldactuallyexperience.Today’stechnologicalspeedhasbroughtustothe
pionttowherealmostanythingispossible.SarahB.Tegen,‘97MITBiology
UndergraduatePresidentstates,Ithinkthecloningofanentiremammalhas
shownmeexactlyhowfastbiologyismovingahead,Ihadnoideawewereso
closetothiskindofaccomplishment.Basedonthecurrentscience,though,
mostofthesedreamsandfearsarepremature,saysomeMITbiologists.Many
biologistclaimthattruehumancloningissomethingstillfarinthefuture.
Thisraisesethicalquestionsnowastowhetherornothumancloningshouldeven
beattempted.
Therearemanyproblemswithcloninghumans.Onemethodofhumancloningis
splittingembryos.Themainissueastowhetherornothumancloningispossible
throughthesplittingofembryosbeganin1993whenexperimentationwasdoneat
GeorgeWashingtonUniversityMedicalCenterinWashingtonD.C.ThereDr.Jerry
Hallexperimentedwiththepossibilityofhumancloningandbeganthismoraland
ethicaldebate.Thereitwasconcludedthatcloningisnotsomethingthatcanbe
doneasofnow,butitisquiteapossibilityforthefuture.Thesescientists
experimentedeagerlyinaimsoflearninghowtoclonehumans.RuthMacklinof
U.S.NewsWorldReportwrites,Hallandotherscientistssplitsingle
humansembryosintoidenticalcopies,atechnologythatopensaPandora’sboxof
ethicalquestionsandhassparkedastormofcontroversyaroundtheworld
Theyattemptedtocreateseventeenhumanembryosinalaboratorydishand
whenithadgrownenough,separatedthemintoforty-eightindividualcells.Two
oftheseparatedcellssurvivedforafewdaysinthelabdevelopedintonew
humanembryossmallerthantheheadofapinandconsistingofthirty-twocells
each.
Althoughwecannotcloneahumanyet,thisexperimentoccurredalmosttwo
yearsagoandtriggeredalmostanethicalemergency.Evidencefromthese
experimentsreceivedstrangereactionsfromthepublic.RuthMacklinstates,
Cloningisaradicalchallengetothemostfundamentallawsofbiology,soit’s
notunreasonabletobeconcernedthatitmightthreatenhumansocietyand
dignity.Yetmuchoftheethicaloppositionseemsalsotogrowoutofan
unthinkingdisgust--asortofyukfactor.Andthatmakesithardforeven
trainedscientistsandethiciststoseethematterclearly.Whilehumancloning
mightnotoffergreatbenefitstohumanity,noonehasyetmadeapersuasive
casethatitwoulddoanyrealharm,either.
Theologianscontendthattocloneahumanwouldviolatehumandignity.That
wouldsurelybetrueifaclonedindividualweretreatedasalesserbeing,with
fewerrightsorlowerstature.Butwhysupposethatclonedpersonswouldn’t
sharethesamerightsanddignityastherestofus?
Ifandwhencloningcomes
about,willpeoplebewillingtopayanythingforacloneofthemselves?
Itis
suchacostlyformoftechnology.Asweseewithsomanyotheraspectsof
today’ssocity,peoplewilldoallkindsofthingsformoney.(Willhuman
cloningmakeatypeofblackmarketforembryoscouldeasilysomedaydevelop?
)
Parentsalreadyspendagreatdealofmoneyoninvitrofertilization,andwho
knowshowmuchtheywouldbewillingtopayforcloningtheirchildren?
The
questionastowhatcloningwoulddotosocietyfromboththemoralandeconomic
standpointscomestotheconclusionthatforthemostpartcloningistoo
expensiveandtoodangerous.Inthereligouscirclesthequestionofhuman
cloninghasstirreddebate.Rev.RobertA.Martinstates:
Itappearsthatfrom
thebeginningGodreservedforHimselftherighttocreatelivingsouls.I
understandthatthephilosophyofmodernpsychiatryistoteachthathuman
beingsaresoulless,thereforewearejustfleshandbloodwhichcanonly
respondtotheenvironmentwithnoabilitytomakeconsciousdecisionsfor
itself.Inotherwordspeoplearenodiffernetthananimalstobeusedand
manipulaated.Thus,thereis,fromthebeginnging,afundamentaldifference
betweenwhattheBibleteachesandwhatpsychiatryteaches.Thisbeingthecase,
itislittlewonderthen,thatsomepeopleassumetheprerogativeofplayingthe
roleofgod.
Embryoniccloningcouldbeavaluabletoolforthestudyingofhuman
development,geneticallymodifyingembryos,andinvestigatingnewtransplant
technologies.Usingcloningtoproduceoffspringforthesakeoftheirorgansis
anissuethatwemustalsofaceandquestionwhetherornotitismorallyright.
Noonewillsaythatitisokaytokillahumanbeingforthesakeoftheir
organs.Butwillmanyhavenoobjectiontocloningthousandsofindividualsfor
thesakeoforgantransplants?
Technologyseemstotakeawaymanyofthemorals
thatwehaveworkedsohardtoinstallinsociety.Mostpeopleonlyseemtowant
tocatertotheirownneedsanddonotbothertoconsidertheconsequencesthat
societyandtheclonemayhavetoface.Withtheissueofparents’involvement
incloning,RuthMacklin,writes,Perhapsagrievingcouplewhosechildis
dying.Thismightseempsychologicallytwisted.Butaclonedchildborntosuch
dubiousparentsstandsnogreaterorlesserchanceofbeingloved,orrejected,
orwarpedthanachildnormallyconceived.Infertilecouplesarealsolikelyto
seekoutcloning.Thatsuchcoupleshaveotheroptions(invitrofertilization
oradoption)isnotanargumentfordenyingthemtherighttoclone.Orconsider
anexampleraisedbyJudgeRichardPosner:
acoupleinwhichthehusbandhas
sometragicgeneticdefect.Currently,ifthiscouplewantsagenetically
relatedchild,theyhavefournotaltogetherpleasantoptions.Theycan
reproducenaturallyandriskpassingonthediseasetothechild.Theycangoto
aspermbankandtakeachanceonunknowngenes.Theycantryinvitro
fertilizationanddisposeofanyafflictedembryo--thoughthatmightbe
objectionable,too.Ortheycangetamalerelativeofthefathertodonate
sperm,ifsucharelativeexists.Thisisonecasewhereevenpeopleunnervedby
cloningmightseeitasnottheworstoption.
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