Chapter IV.docx
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Chapter IV.docx
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ChapterIV
ChapterIV
FeudalEngland
RevisionQuestions
•WhobuilttheHadrian’sWall?
Forwhatpurpose?
•WhobroughtChristianitytoEngland?
•KingAlfredtheGreatiscalled“thefather.”
•KingEdwardtheConfessorisrememberedforhisbuildingof.
•WilliamtheConquerorhadabooknamed.compiled,whichisconsideredhisgreatestachievement.
•MajorEvents:
•1337-1453TheHundredYears’War
•1348-1350BlackDeath
•1381WatTyler’suprising
•1455-1485WarsoftheRoses
•1485-1603HouseofTudor
•1533TheChurchofEnglandbeganitsownjourney
•1553Maryre-establishedCatholicisminEngland
•1558Elizabethascendedthethrone
•1625CharlesIcametothethrone
•1640“ShortParliament”wassummoned
•1640-1653“LongParliament’
•1642-1646theFirstCivilWar
•1648theSecondCivilWar
•1660theRestorationoftheStuart
•1688the“GloriousRevolution”
HenryII
•HenryIIenlargedEnglishmonarchy
•Expandedthepoweroftheroyalcourts&king’spower/increased#ofcriminalcasestriedontheking’scourt
•Commonlawreplacedlawcodesacrossthekingdom
•TriedtocontrolChurchbutfailed
•ThomasBeckett,archbishopofCanterburysaidonlyRomanCatholicChurchcouldtryclergy
•FourknightsmurderedBeckett,Henrywasoutraged&backeddown
MagnaCarta
•Englishnoblesresentedthegrowthoftheking’spower/rebellionwasraisedagainstKingJohn
•1215,KingJohnwasforcedtoputhissealontheMagnaCarta
•MagnaCarta=feudaldocument,writtenrecognitionthatthepowerofthekingwaslimited
•13thcentury,underEdwardI=Englishparliamentemerged
•Parliament=2knightsfromeverycounty,2peoplefromeverytown,andallthebishops&noblesthroughoutEngland
EnglishParliament
•Eventually2houseswereformed
•Nobles&churchlordsformed=HouseoftheLords
•Knights&townspeoples=HouseofCommons
•Parliamentsgrantedtaxes&passedlaws
HouseofNorman
KingWilliamItheConqueror"征服王"
KingWilliamIIRufus"红毛王"
KingHenryIWell-Educated,Beauclerc"儒雅王"
Rufusstone
•HenryI
I.ConsolidationofMonarchy
•HenryI:
lastoftrueNormankings
administrative&judicialreform
Keepthepeace&civilwar
Matilda&Stephen
HouseofPlantagenet
•亨利二世KingHenryIICurtmantle"短斗篷王"
•理查一世KingRichardICoeurdeLion"狮心王"
•约翰KingJohnLackland"无地王"
•亨利三世KingHenryIII
•爱德华一世KingEdwardILongShank"长脚王"
•爱德华二世KingEdwardII
•爱德华三世KingEdwardIII
•理查二世KingRichardII
•HenryII
•HenryII
HenryII(r.1154-1189)
firstmonarchofthehouseofAnjou,orPlantagenet,animportantadministrativereformer,whowasoneofthemostpowerfulEuropeanrulersofhistime.
•EleanorofAquitaine
–firstmarriedtoFrance’sKingLouisVII
–joinedSecondCrusade
•worearmorandrodehorsewithotherCrusaders
–sheendedmarriagetoLouisVII
–marriedEngland’sKingHenryII
–8children
2.HenryII
Rapidprogressinarts,skilledtrade,commerceandagriculture:
language&freetravel
Specialtaxinsteadofknights
reformofthecourts&laweg.“itinerantjustices”“commonlaw”
jurysystem
ThomasBecket
OxfordUniversity1162
reformofthecourts&law
•Henry'sjudicialreformswereoflastingsignificance.InEnglandheestablishedacentralizedsystemofjusticeaccessibletoallfreemenandadministeredbyjudgeswhotraveledaroundthecountryatregularintervals(itinerantjustices&commonlaw).Healsobegantheprocessofreplacingtheoldtrialbyordealwithmoderncourtprocedures(jurysystem).
ThomasàBecket
ThomasàBecket
DevelopmentofEnglandandFrance
•EleanorofAquitaine
–firstmarriedtoFrance’sKingLouisVII
–joinedSecondCrusade
•worearmorandrodehorsewithotherCrusaders
–sheendedmarriagetoLouisVII
–marriedEngland’sKingHenryII
–8children
•Richard(“theLion-Hearted”)
•John
–spurredseveralsonstooverthrowHenryII
–revoltfailed
–15yearsinprison
RichardI(Lionheart)JohnI
MuslimConquest
•Intheseventhcentury,MuslimsconqueredPalestine.
•Initially,theMuslimconquerorsallowedJewsandChristianstofreelyentertheHolyLand.
•Astimepassed,someMuslimrulerswerelesstolerant.
TheThirdCrusade
•Richardhadpossessedsuperiorbrilliance,courage,andknowledgeofthemilitaryart,butSaladin’smoderation,patience,andjusticehadcarriedtheday
•TherelativeunityandfidelityoftheMoslemshadonceagaintriumphedovertheChristians’divisionsanddisloyalties
KingJohnandtheMagnaCarta
ProblemNumber1
HequarrelledwiththePopeabouthowtoruntheChurch.From1208until1213,thePopebannedallchurchservicesinEnglandandEnglishpeoplefearedthattheywouldallgotoHELL!
SomeChurchleadersblamedJohnforthetrouble.
ProblemNumber2
JohnwenttowartwiceagainsttheFrenchking.Hisarmywasbadlybeatenbothtimes.HelostalmostallthelandthathisfatherhadgainedinFrance!
ProblemNumber3
JohnraisedtaxesinEnglandtopayforthewars.ThisupsethisBARONS!
Heorderedthemtopayfarmoretaxthanearlierkingshaddone!
II.TheGreatCharter&
theBeginningofParliament
1.KingJohn:
“KingofLackland”1215
“MagnaCarta”(GreatCharter)
2.significanceofthe“Charter”
(1)expresstheprincipleoflimitedgovernment
(2)forwardtheideathatthekingwasboundbythelawoftheland
(3)regardedasthebasisofEnglishliberties
TheMagnaCarta
ThedocumentlimitedthepoweroftheEnglishmonarchyandgrantedrightstoJohn’svassals.ManyEnglishlegaltraditions,includingtherighttotrialbyjuryandequalaccesstocourtsforallcitizens,hadtheiroriginsintheMagnaCarta.
•Itremainsamajordocumentinthehistoryofindividualliberty.Thedocumentestablishestheprinciplethatnoperson,noteventheking,isabovethelaw.Morespecifically,thismeansthatthegovernmentmustfollowitsownlawsinitsdealingswithitscitizens,justascitizensmustobeythelawintheirdealingswithothercitizens.
ContentsoftheGreatCharter
GreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.Itconsistsofsixty-threeclauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows:
(1)notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;
(2)nofreemenshouldbearrested,imprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty;(3)theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;(4)Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirtraditionalrightsandprivileges,and(5)thereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.
II.TheGreatCharter&
theBeginningofParliament
3.SimondeMontfort
GreatCouncil---Parliament(1265)
4.EdwardI
(1)parliament(1295):
ModelParliament
(2)conquestofWales:
EdwardII---firstPrinceofWales
TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament
•
TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummonedtheGreatCouncil,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Itsmainrolewastoofferadvice.Therewerenoelectionsorparties.AndthemostimportantpartofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.
•EdwardI
EdwardI(Longshanks)
AfterasuccessfulcampaignagainstWales,KingEdwardIofEnglandbeganalong,futileseriesofbattlesagainstScotland.Hiscampaigns,noneofwhichgainedhimanypermanentterritory,endedwithhisdeathin1307.
EdwardII
•kingofEngland,aweak,self-indulgentrulerwhowaseventuallyoverthrownandimprisonedin1326whenhiswifejoinedwithexiledbaronstoforcehisabdication.
EdwardII
KingEdwardIII
•TheFrenchnobilityselectedPhilipofValois,acousinofthelastkingthroughthemaleline.
–HefoundedanewFrenchdynastythatruledthroughthe16c.
–HewaschoseninpreferencetoKingEdwardIIIofEngland,whosemotherwasthedaughterofthelateking,PhilipIV.
•In1340,Edwardclaimedthetitle“KingofFrance.”
2.Fr.LandBelongingtoBr.Kings
•AlongerstandingissuewasthestatusoflandswithinFrancethatbelongedtoEnglishkings.
•EdwardwasactuallyavassalofPhilip’s,holdingsizableFrenchterritoriesasfiefsfromthekingofFrance
3.ConflictOverFlanders
•Woolindustry.
•FlanderswantsitsindependencefromFrenchcontrol.
•AsksEnglandforhelp.
III.TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)
1.causes:
(1)landstrugglebetweenFrance&England:
regainthelostterritories
(2)economicinterests:
Flanders
(3)rejectionofEdwardIII’sclaimtotheFrenchthrone
TheFrench“Reconquest”
•Thetwokings’deathsusheredinthefinalstageofthe100Years’War[1422-1453].
–Eventhoughin1428themilitaryandpoliticalpowerseemedfirmlyinBritishhands,theFrenchreversedthesituation.
•In1429,withtheaidofthemysteriousJoanofArc,theFrenchking,CharlesVII,wasabletoraisetheEnglishsiegeofOrleans.
–ThisbeganthereconquestofthenorthofFrance.
JoanofArc(1412-1432)
•ThedaughterofprosperouspeasantsfromanareaofBurgundythathadsufferedundertheEnglish.
•Likemanymedievalmystics,shereportedregularvisionsofdivinerevelation.
–Her“voices”toldhertogotothekingandassisthimindrivingouttheEnglish.
JoanofArc
Attheageof13,JoanofArcconvincedaboardoftheologiansthatshehadadivinemissiontosaveFranceduringthe100Years’WarwithEngland.SheledtheFrenchinseveralmilitaryvictoriesovertheEnglishin1429.
JoanofArc(1412-1432)
•Shebroughtinspirationandasenseofnationalid
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