Comics.docx
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Comics.docx
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Comics
Comics
LittleSammySneeze(1904–06)byWinsorMcCay
Comics(viaLatin,fromtheGreek"Κωμικός",kōmikos,oforpertainingto"comedy",fromkōmos"revel".[1])isagraphicmediuminwhichimagesareutilisedinordertoconveyasequentialnarrative;theterm,derivedfrommassiveearlyusetoconveycomicthemes,cametobeappliedtoallusesofthismediumincludingthosewhicharefarfromcomic.Itisthesequentialnatureofthepictures,andthepredominanceofpicturesoverwords,thatdistinguishcomicsfrompicturebooks,thoughthereissomeoverlapbetweenthetwomedia.Mostcomicscombinewordswithimages,oftenindicatingspeechintheformofwordballoons,butwordlesscomics,suchasTheLittleKing,arenotuncommon.Wordsotherthandialogue,captionsforexample,usuallyexpanduponthepictures,butsometimesactincounterpoint.[2]
EarlyprecursorsofcomicsincludeTrajan'sColumnandtheworkofWilliamHogarth.By19thcentury,themediumasweknowittoday,begantotakeformamongEuropeanandAmericanartists.ComicsasarealmassmediumstartedtoemergeintheUnitedStatesintheearly20thcentury,withthenewspapercomicstrip,whereitsformbegantobestandardized(image-driven,speechballoonsetc).Thecombinationofwordsandpicturesprovedpopular,andquicklyspreadthroughouttheworld.Comicstripsweresoongatheredintocheapbooklets,comicbooks,andoriginalcomicbookssoonfollowed.Today,comicsarefoundinnewspapers,magazines,comicbooks,graphicnovels,andontheweb.
Althoughhistoricallytheformdealtwithhumoroussubjectmatter,itsscopehasexpandedtoencompassthefullrangeofliterarygenres.Alsosee:
Comicstripandcartoon.Comicsaretypicallyseenasalowart[3][4][5][6][7][8],althoughthereareafewexceptions,suchasKrazyKat[9]andBarnaby.
Inthelate20thandearly21stcenturytherehasbeenamovementtorehabilitatethemedium.Criticaldiscussionsoftheformappearedasearlyasthe1920s,[10][11]butseriousstudieswererareuntilthelate20thcentury.[12]
Althoughpractitionerscaneschewanyformalconstraints,theyoftenuseparticularformsandconventionstoconveynarrationandspeech,ortoevokeemotionalorsensuousresponses.Devicessuchasspeechballoonsandboxesareusedtoindicatedialogueandimpartestablishinginformation,whilepanels,layout,guttersandzipribbonscanhelpindicatetheflowofthestory.Comicsuseoftext,ambiguity,symbolism,design,iconography,literarytechnique,mixedmediaandstylisticelementsofarthelpbuildasubtextofmeanings.[13]Differentconventionsweredevelopedaroundtheglobe,fromthemanhuaofChinatothemangaofJapan,thecomicbooksoftheUnitedStates,andtheanthologycomicmagazinesinEurope.
Earlynarrativesinart
SequentialdepictionsonTrajan'sColumn
InLucasCranachtheElder's"AdamandEve"differentscenesoftheBiblicalstoryareshowninthesamepainting:
onthefront,Godisadmonishingthecouplefortheirsin;inthebackgroundtotherightareshowntheearlierscenesofEve'screationfromAdam'sribandoftheirbeingtemptedtoeattheforbiddenfruit;ontheleftisthelatersceneoftheirexpulsionfromParadise.
Comicsasanartformestablisheditselfinthelate19thandearly20thcentury,alongsidethesimilarformsoffilmandanimation.Thethreeformssharecertainconventions,mostnoticeablythemixingofwordsandpictures,andallthreeowepartsoftheirconventionstothetechnologicalleapsmadethroughtheindustrialrevolution.Althoughthecomicsformwasestablishedandpopularisedinthepagesofnewspapersandmagazinesinthelate1890s,narrativeillustrationhasexistedformanycenturies.
Rome'sTrajan'sColumn,dedicatedin113AD,isanearlysurvivingexamplesofanarrativetoldthroughtheuseofsequentialpictures,whileEgyptianhieroglyphs,Greekfriezes,mediaevaltapestriessuchastheBayeauxTapestryandillustratedmanuscriptsalsodemonstratetheuseofsequentialimagesandwordscombinedtoconveyanarrative.Inmedievalpaintings,manysequentialscenesofthesamestory(usuallyaBiblicalone)aresimultaneouslyshowninthesamepainting(seeillustrationontheleft).
However,theseworkslacktheabilitytotraveltothereader;itneededtheinventionofmodernprintingtechniquestoallowtheformtocaptureawideaudienceandbecomeamassmedium.[14][15][16]
The15th–18thcenturiesandprintingadvances
LastimageinWilliamHogarth'sARake'sProgress
Theinventionoftheprintingpress,allowingmovabletype,establishedaseparationbetweenimagesandwords,thetworequiringdifferentmethodsinordertobereproduced.Earlyprintedmaterialconcentratedonreligioussubjects,butthroughthe17thand18thcenturiestheybegantotackleaspectsofpoliticalandsociallife,andalsostartedtosatiriseandcaricature.Itwasalsoduringthisperiodthatthespeechbubblewasdevelopedasameansofattributingdialogue.
WilliamHogarthisoftenidentifiedinhistoriesofthecomicsform.Hiswork,ARake'sProgress,wascomposedofanumberofcanvases,eachreproducedasaprint,andtheeightprintstogethercreatedanarrative.Asprintingtechniquesdeveloped,duetothetechnologicaladvancesoftheindustrialrevolution,magazinesandnewspaperswereestablished.Thesepublicationsutilisedillustrationsasameansofcommentingonpoliticalandsocialissues,suchillustrationsbecomingknownascartoonsinthe1840s.Soon,artistswereexperimentingwithestablishingasequenceofimagestocreateanarrative.
WhilesurvivingworksoftheseperiodssuchasFrancisBarlow'sATrueNarrativeoftheHorridHellishPopishPlot(c.1682)aswellasThePunishmentsofLemuelGulliverandARake'sProgressbyWilliamHogarth(1726),canbeseentoestablishanarrativeoveranumberofimages,itwasn'tuntilthe19thcenturythattheelementsofsuchworksbegantocrystalliseintothecomicstrip.
Thespeechballoonalsoevolvedduringthisperiod,fromthemedievaloriginsofthephylacter,alabel,usuallyintheformofascroll,whichidentifiedacharactereitherthroughnamingthemorusingashorttexttoexplaintheirpurpose.ArtistssuchasGeorgeCruikshankhelpedcodifysuchphylactersasballoonsratherthanasscrolls,althoughatthistimetheywerestillreferredtoaslabels.Althoughtheywerenowusedtorepresentdialogue,thisdialoguewasstillusedforidentificationpurposesratherthantocreateadialoguewithinthework,andartistssoondiscardedtheminfavourofrunningdialogueunderneaththepanels.Thespeechballoonsweren'treintroducedtotheformuntilRichardF.Outcaultutilisedthemasameansofestablishingdialoguewithinhisworks.[17]
The19thcentury:
aformestablished
SelfportraitofRodolpheTöpffer,whoseworkisconsideredinfluentialinshapingthecomicsform.
RodolpheTöpffer,aFrancophoneSwissartist,isseenasthekeyfigureoftheearlypartofthe19thcentury.Althoughspeechballoonshadfallenfromfavourduringthemiddlepartofthe19thcentury,Töpffer'ssequentiallyillustratedstories,withthetextcompartmentalisedbelowtheimages,werereprintedthroughoutEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Thelackofcopyrightlawsatthistimeallowedsuchpiratededitions,andthesetranslatedversionscreatedamarketonbothcontinentsforsimilarworks.[18]
In1845TöpfferformalisedhisthoughtsonthepicturestoryinhisEssayonPhysiognomics:
"Toconstructapicture-storydoesnotmeanyoumustsetyourselfupasamastercraftsman,todrawouteverypotentialfromyourmaterial—oftendowntothedregs!
Itdoesnotmeanyoujustdevisecaricatureswithapencilnaturallyfrivolous.Norisitsimplytodramatizeaproverborillustrateapun.Youmustactuallyinventsomekindofplay,wherethepartsarearrangedbyplanandformasatisfactorywhole.Youdonotmerelypenajokeorputarefrainincouplets.Youmakeabook:
goodorbad,soberorsilly,crazyorsoundinsense."[19][20][21]
In1843thesatiricaldrawingswhichhadregularlybeenappearinginnewspapersandmagazinesgainedaname:
cartoons.TheBritishmagazinePunch,launchedin1841,referredtoits'humorouspencilings'ascartoonsinasatiricalreferencetotheParliamentoftheday,whowerethemselvesorganisinganexhibitionofcartoons,orpreparatorydrawings,atthetime.Thisusagebecamecommonparlance,lastingintothepresentday.[22]SimilarmagazinescontainingcartoonsincontinentalEuropeincludedFliegendeBlätterandLeCharivari,whileintheU.S.JudgeandPuckwerepopular.[23]
1865sawthepublicationofMaxandMoritzbyWilhelmBuschbyaGermannewspaper.Buschrefinedtheconventionsofsequentialart,andhisworkwasakeyinfluencewithintheform,RudolphDirksinspiredbythestriptocreateTheKatzenjammerKidsin1897.[24]
ItisaroundthistimethatManhua,theChineseformofcomics,startedtoformalise,aprocessthatlastedupuntil1927.[25]TheintroductionoflithographicprintingmethodsderivedfromtheWestwasacriticalstepinexpandingtheformwithinChinaduringtheearly20thcentury.LikeEuropeandtheUnitedStates,satiricaldrawingswereappearinginnewspapersandperiodicals,initiallybasedonworksfromthosecountries.OneofthefirstmagazinesofsatiricalcartoonswasbasedontheUnitedKingdom'sPunch,snappilyre-brandedas"TheChinaPunch".[25]ThefirstpiecedrawnbyapersonofChinesenationalitywas"TheSituationintheFarEast"fromTseTsan-Tai,printed1899inJapan.Bythe1920samarketwasestablishedforpalm-sizedpicturebookslikeLianhuanhua.[26]
In1884,AllySloper'sHalfHolidaywaspublished,amagazinewhosesellingpointwasastripfeaturingthetitularcharacter,andwidelyre
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