备战高考英语考点一遍过专题41阅读理解主旨大意题.docx
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备战高考英语考点一遍过专题41阅读理解主旨大意题.docx
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备战高考英语考点一遍过专题41阅读理解主旨大意题
考点41阅读理解主旨大意题
高考频度:
★★★★★
高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题,旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确
获取语篇的大意,并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。
要求考生在阅读短文时,能够提炼文章的中心情节,体会作者的主要意图,充分运用逻辑概括能力,透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中,针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下:
(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
/Whatisthetopicofthetext?
(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.
(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis…
(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.
(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?
(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
(7)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?
(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.
(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?
(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?
(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.
从上述命题形式可以看出,此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类,即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。
下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。
怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。
段落是发展一个主题的一群句子,段落围绕着中心思想展开,而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。
寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是:
通过分析篇章结构,找出每小段的主题句,通过主题句找出文章的主题。
找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。
主题是文章要表达的中心思想,文章的主题句通常都有一个话题,它是文章的核心。
“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同,表现的手法也各有不同,主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。
在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:
开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。
因此,仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。
做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时,一般不需逐句细读,只选读文章的首段、尾段,或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现,有以下五种情况:
1.中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。
这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式,即由一般到特殊,先提出观点,后举例论证,主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。
新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”,“导语”实际上就是主题句,是对全文内容的高度概括。
大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
(2016·新课标卷III)Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.
"The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,"saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner."
Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversations—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?
Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:
thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe"moste-mailed"listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.
Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,"Contagious:
WhyThingsCatchOn."
25.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide.
B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.
C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes.
D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks.
【文章大意】人们常说"没有消息就是最好的消息",类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。
在网络普及的时代,好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
【答案】D
2.主题句出现在文尾
在细节后,归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果,以概括主题。
这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,即细节表述的句子在前,概括性的句子居后,主题句则常位于末段。
ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.
DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:
therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.
Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.
Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳类动物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:
“Itisthemostdestructive(破坏性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”
56.Thetextmainlytalksabout_____.
A.DianeFosseyB.thegorillasinRwanda
C.theprotectionofthegorillasD.thefilmGorillasintheMist
【答案】C
3.首尾呼应的写作方法
为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。
通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.
Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.
TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.
AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.
1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.
A.HowtoPlayLacrosse
B.LacrosseinCanada
C.TheHistoryofLacrosse
D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”,显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4.中心主题隐含在全文之中,没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章,就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是,先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。
该类型的试题则迎刃而解。
Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.
DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?
No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding(误解)amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved(保守的)inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.
65.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus______.
A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpractised
B.howhandshakingcameabout
C.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtrade
D.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。
在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。
实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。
67.Themainpurposeofthetextis______.
A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWest
B.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshaking
C.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWest
D.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad
【答案】B
4.主题句出现在文章的中间
通常前面只提出问题,文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。
TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.
Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:
theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.
…
67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.
A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival
B
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