Gandhi.docx
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Gandhi.docx
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Gandhi
TimelineofGandhi'sLife
1869
MohandasKaramchandGandhiborninPorbandarinGujarat.
1893
GandhileavesforJohannesburgforpracticinglawandisthrownoutofafirstclassbogiebecauseheiscolored.
1906
MohandasK.Gandhi,37,speaksatamassmeetingintheEmpireTheater,Johannesburg onSeptember11andlaunchesacampaignofnonviolentresistance(satyagraha)toprotestdiscriminationagainstIndians.TheBritishGovernmenthadjustinvalidatedtheIndianMarriage.
1913
MohandasGandhiinTransvaal,SouthAfricaleads2,500Indiansintotheindefianceofalaw,theyareviolentlyarrested,Gandhirefusestopayafine,heisjailed,hissupportersdemonstrate.OnNovember25,andNatalpolicefireintothecrowd,killingtwo,injuring20.
1914
MohandasGandhireturnstoIndiaatage45after21yearsofpracticinglawinSouthAfricawhereheorganizedacampaignof“passiveresistance”toprotesthismistreatmentbywhitesforhisdefenseofAsianimmigrants.HeattractswideattentioninIndiabyconductingafast--thefirstof14thathewillstageaspoliticaldemonstrationsandthatwillinauguratetheideaofthepoliticalfasting.
1930
AcivildisobediencecampaignagainsttheBritishinIndiabeginsMarch12.TheAll-IndiaTradeCongresshasempoweredGandhitobeginthedemonstrations(see1914).CalledMahatmaforthepastdecade,Gandhileadsa165-milemarchtotheGujaratcoastoftheArabianSeaandproducessaltbyevaporationofseawaterinviolationofthelawasagestureofdefianceagainsttheBritishmonopolyinsaltproduction
1932
Gandhibeginsa"fastuntodeath"toprotesttheBritishgovernment'streatmentofIndia'slowestcaste"untouchables"whomGandhicallsHarijans--"God'schildren."Gandhi'scampaignofcivildisobediencehasbroughtriotingandhaslandedhiminprison,buthepersistsinhisdemandsforsocialreform,heurgesanewboycottofBritishgoods,andafter6daysoffastingobtainsapactthatimprovesthestatusofthe"untouchables"(Dalits)
1947
Indiabecomesfreefrom200yearsofBritishRule.AmajorvictoryforGandhianprinciplesandnon-violenceingeneral.
1948
GandhiisassassinatedbyNathuramGodse,aHindufanaticataprayermeeting
Introduction
Gandhiwasnoemperor,notamilitarygeneral,notapresidentnoraprimeminister.Hewasneitherpacifistnoracultguru.WhowasGandhi?
Ifanything,MohandasK.Gandhiwasaconstantexperimenter.Spirituality,religion,self-reliance,health,education,clothing,drinks,medicine,childcare,statusofwomen,nofieldescapedhissearchfortruth.HisthoughtswhenappearedintheformoftalkorarticlebecameofficialwordsofactionwiththemassesofIndia.Hewasamanwhodidwhathesaidandledan exemplaryandatransparentlife.Notmanypeoplecanclaim"Mylifeisanopenbook".ThereweremillionsofIndianswhotreatedGandhi'ssuggestionsassupremecommandsandacteduponthem(hencethenameMahatma).BorninGujarat,fluentwithHindiandEnglish,andresidinginthemindsofmillions,GandhijiwasabletouniteIndialikenoneother.Anadamant(坚定不移的)idealist,courageousfighter,adeepthinker,andagreatleaderofmenandideas,itwaspossibleforhimtodothatbecauseheidentifiedhimselfwithstrugglesandpainsofthecommonIndians.Hequicklybecamethesolevoiceofthedowntroddenandtheexploited.TheycompletelybelievedthatGandhijiunderstoodtheirdifficultiesandwouldprovidejusticeforthem.AmongGandhiji'sdiscipleswerekings,royals,untouchables,rich,poor,foreigners,andwomen.Whenthisselflessandpuremanbecameleaderof thenation,hegaveaclearandunambiguousdirectiontotheHimalayanproblemsfacingIndia.Mostimportantofthemwerepoverty,religiousconflict,exploitation, ignoranceandcolonizationbytheBritish.
EarlyYears
MohandasKaramchandGandhi(1869-1948),alsoknownasMahatmaGandhi,wasborninPorbandarinthepresentdaystateofGujaratinIndiaonOctober2,1869.HewasraisedinaveryconservativefamilythathadaffiliationswiththerulingfamilyofKathiawad.HewaseducatedinlawatUniversityCollege,London.In1891,afterhavingbeenadmittedtotheBritishbar,GandhireturnedtoIndiaandattemptedtoestablishalawpracticeinBombay,withoutmuchsuccess.TwoyearslateranIndianfirmwithinterestsinSouthAfricaretainedhimaslegaladviserinitsofficeinDurban.ArrivinginDurban,Gandhifoundhimselftreatedasamemberofaninferiorrace.HewasappalledatthewidespreaddenialofcivillibertiesandpoliticalrightstoIndianimmigrantstoSouthAfrica.HethrewhimselfintothestruggleforelementaryrightsforIndians.
SeeAlso:
ParentageandChildhoodfromGandhi'sautobiography
ResistancetoInjustice
GandhiremainedinSouthAfricafortwentyyears,sufferingimprisonmentmanytimes.In1896,afterbeingattackedandhumilatedbywhiteSouthAfricans,Gandhibegantoteachapolicyofpassiveresistanceto,andnon-cooperationwith,theSouthAfricanauthorities.PartoftheinspirationforthispolicycamefromtheRussianwriterLeoTolstoy,whoseinfluenceonGandhiwasprofound.GandhialsoacknowledgedhisdebttotheteachingsofChristandtothe19th-centuryAmericanwriterHenryDavidThoreau,especiallytoThoreau'sfamousessay"CivilDisobedience."Gandhiconsideredthetermspassiveresistanceandcivildisobedienceinadequateforhispurposes,however,andcoinedanotherterm,Satyagraha(fromSanskrit,"truthandfirmness").DuringtheBoerWar,GandhiorganizedanambulancecorpsfortheBritisharmyandcommandedaRedCrossunit.AfterthewarhereturnedtohiscampaignforIndianrights.In1910,hefoundedTolstoyFarm,nearDurban,acooperativecolonyforIndians.In1914thegovernmentoftheUnionofSouthAfricamadeimportantconcessionstoGandhi'sdemands,includingrecognitionofIndianmarriagesandabolitionofthepolltaxforthem.HisworkinSouthAfricacomplete,hereturnedtoIndia.
CampaignforHomeRule
Gandhibecamealeaderinacomplexstruggle,theIndiancampaignforhomerule.FollowingWorldWarI,inwhichheplayedanactivepartinrecruitingcampaigns,Gandhi,againadvocatingSatyagraha,launchedhismovementof non-violentresistancetoGreatBritain.When,in1919,ParliamentpassedtheRowlattActs,givingtheIndiancolonialauthoritiesemergencypowerstodealwithso-calledrevolutionaryactivities,SatyagrahaspreadthroughoutIndia,gainingmillionsoffollowers.AdemonstrationagainsttheRowlattActsresultedinamassacreofIndiansatAmritsarbyBritishsoldiers;in1920,whentheBritishgovernmentfailedtomakeamends,Gandhiproclaimedanorganizedcampaignofnon-cooperation.Indiansinpublicofficeresigned,governmentagenciessuchascourtsoflawwereboycotted,andIndianchildrenwerewithdrawnfromgovernmentschools.ThroughoutIndia,streetswereblockedbysquattingIndianswhorefusedtoriseevenwhenbeatenbypolice.Gandhiwasarrested,buttheBritishweresoonforcedtoreleasehim.
EconomicindependenceforIndia,involvingthecompleteboycottofBritishgoods,wasmadeacorollaryofGandhi'sSwaraj(fromSanskrit,"self-governing")movement.Theeconomicaspectsofthemovementweresignificant,fortheexploitationofIndianvillagersbyBritishindustrialistshadresultedinextremepovertyinthecountryandthevirtualdestructionofIndianhomeindustries.Asaremedyforsuchpoverty,Gandhiadvocatedrevivalofcottageindustries;hebegantouseaspinningwheelasatokenofthereturntothesimplevillagelifehepreached,andoftherenewalofnativeIndianindustries.
GandhibecametheinternationalsymbolofafreeIndia.Helivedaspiritualandasceticlifeofprayer,fasting,andmeditation.Hisunionwithhiswifebecame,ashehimselfstated,thatofabrotherandsister.Refusingearthlypossessions,heworetheloinclothandshawlofthelowliestIndianandsubsistedonvegetables,fruitjuices,andgoat'smilk.IndiansreveredhimasasaintandbegantocallhimMahatma(great-souled),atitlereservedforthegreatestsages.Gandhi'sadvocacyofnonviolence,knownasahimsa(non-violence),wastheexpressionofawayoflifeimplicitintheHindureligion.BytheIndianpracticeofnonviolence,Gandhiheld,GreatBritaintoowouldeventuallyconsiderviolenceuselessandwouldleaveIndia.
TheMahatma'spoliticalandspiritualholdonIndiawassogreatthattheBritishauthoritiesdarednotinterferewithhim.In1921theIndianNationalCongress,thegroupthatspearheadedthemovementfornationhood,gaveGandhicompleteexecutiveauthority,withtherightofnaminghisownsuccessor.TheIndianpopulation,however,couldnotfullycomprehendtheunworldlyahimsa.AseriesofarmedrevoltsagainsttheBritishbrokeout,culminatinginsuchviolencethatGandhiconfessedthefailureofthecivil-disobediencecampaignhehadcalled,andendedit.TheBritishgovernmentagainseizedandimprisonedhimin1922.
Afterhisreleasefromprisonin1924,Gandhiwithdrewfromactivepoliticsanddevotedhimselftopropagatingcommunalunity.Unavoidably,however,hewasagaindrawnintothevortexofthestruggleforindependence.In1930theMahatmaproclaimedanewcampaignofcivildisobedience,callingupontheIndianpopulationtorefusetopaytaxes,particularlythetaxonsalt.Thecampaignwasamarchtothesea,inwhichthousandsofIndiansfollowedGandhifromAhmedabadtotheArabianSea,wheretheymadesaltbyevaporatingseawater.OncemoretheIndianleaderwasarrested,buthewasreleasedin1931,haltingthecampaignaftertheBritishmadeconcessionstohisdemands.InthesameyearGandhirepresentedtheIndianNationalCongressataconferen
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