美国文学史整理.docx
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美国文学史整理.docx
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美国文学史整理
美国文学
简答题
1.Moby-dickisregardedastheGreatAmericanNovel,thefirstAmericanproseepic(散文史诗:
alongnarrativepoemtellingofheroicdeedsofreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated),thoughitispresentedintheformofanovel.
①itssurfacemeaning:
Itisawhalingtaleorseaadventure,dealingwithAhab,amanwithanoverwhelmingobsessiontokillthewhalewhichhascrippledhim,onboardhisshipPequodinthechaseofthebigwhale.Thedramaticdescriptionofthehazardsofwhalingmakesthebookaveryexcitingseanarrativeandbuildsaliterarymonumenttoaneraofwhalingindustryinthenineteenthcentury.
②Thedeepsymbolictheme:
Moby-Dickisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandpsychology.ThisisshowninCaptainAhab'srebelliousstruggleagainsttheoverwhelmingmysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesomesometimesmercilessforces.
ThePeduodisthemiscrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth;MobyDicksymbolizesnaturefortheauthor,evilforthecharacterAhab;
2.《theadventureofhuckleberryfinn》
(1)AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisMarkTwain’smasterpiece.tellsthestoryofateenagedmisfit,Huck,whofindshimselffloatingonaraftdowntheMississippiRiverwithanescapingslave,Jim.Inthecourseoftheirperilousjourney,HuckandJimmeetadventure,danger,andacastofcharacterswhoaresometimesmenacingandoftenhilarious.
3.TheGreatGatsby
(1)Thethemeofthenovel:
TheGreatGatsby,bysummarizingtheexperiencesandattitudesoftheglamorousandwild1920s,dealswiththebankruptcyoftheAmericanDream,whichishigh1ightedbythedisillusionmentoftheprotagonist'spersonaldreamduetotheclashesbetweenhisromanticvisionoflifeandtherelentlessreality.
(2)ChapterⅢofthenovel,avividdescriptionofoneofGatsby'sfabulousparties,presentsavividatmosphereofparadox.Gatsby'sparty,characteristicoftheroaringtwentiesintheU.S.evokesboththeromanceandthesadnessoftheJazzAge.Onthesurface,thepartyiscrowded,yetemptyofwarmthorfriendship,withpeoplecomingtothepartyeagerlybutappearingindifferentandcontemptuousoftheirhost.Gatsbyhimselfasthehostisaparadox--exceedinglycourteousbutkeepshimselfdetachedfromthenoisyandconfusingcrowd,becausehe,thoughfascinatedwiththewealth,wasfullyawareofthecorruptivenatureofthesocietyandtheVanityFair.Thecharmandsweetnessoftheyouthisspoiledbytrivialityandtawdriness;Thesplendidhouseandgardenispurchasednotforenjoymentbutforimpression.Thereiseverysignofmerriment,withguestseating,drinking,laughing,movingaboutanddancing,butpeoplegetdeaddrunk,breakdownintearsorquarrelovertrivialities.Sobeneaththewealthypeople'smasksofrelaxationandjovialitytherewasonlysterility,meaninglessnessandfuti1ity,andamidthegrandeurandextravaganceaspiritualwaste1andandahintofdecadenceandmoraldecay.Thisundeniablejuxtapositionofappearancewithreality,ofthepretenseofgaietywiththetensionunderneath,iseasilyrecognizableinFitzgerald'snovelsandstories.
4.EzraPound
Thepoemwasfirstpublishedin1913andisconsideredoneoftheleadingpoemsoftheImagisttradition.Pound'sprocessofdeletionfromthirtylinestoonlyfourteenwordstypifiesImagism'sfocusoneconomyoflanguage,precisionofimageryandexperimentingwithnon-traditionalverseforms.ThepoemisPound’swrittenequivalentforthemomentofrevelationandintenseemotionhefeltattheMetroatLaConcorde,Paris.
Bylinkinghumanfaces,asynecdocheforpeoplethemselves,withpetalsonadampbough,thepoetcallsattentiontoboththeeleganceandbeautyofhumanlife,aswellasitstransience.Adark,wetboughimpliesthatithasjustrained,andthepetalsstucktotheboughwereshortlybeforeattachedtoflowersfromthetree.Theymaystillbeliving,buttheywillnotbeforlong.Inthisway,Poundcallsattentiontohumanmortalityasawhole-wearealldying.
Theword"apparition"isconsideredcrucialasitimpliesbothpresenceandabsence–andthustransienceasmentionedpreviously.
Theplosiveword"Petals"conjuresideasofdelicate,femininebeautywhichcontrastswiththebleaknessofthe"wet,blackbough".
5.WilliamWordsworth
6.OdetotheWestWind第一段
Stanza1Addressingthewestwindasahuman,thepoetdescribesitsactivities:
Itdrivesdeadleavesawayasiftheywereghostsfleeingawizard.Theleavesareyellowandblack,paleandred,asiftheyhaddiedofaninfectiousdisease.Thewestwindcarriesseedsinitschariotanddepositsthemintheearth,wheretheylieuntilthespringwindawakensthembyblowingonatrumpet(clarion).Whentheyformbuds,thespringwindspreadsthemoverplainsandonhills.Inaparadox,thepoetaddressesthewestwindasadestroyerandapreserver,thenasksittolistentowhathesays.
TheRhymescheme-ababcbcdcdedff
Iambicmetre
7.OliverTwist主要内容和思想主题
OneofCharlesDickensmostenduringlypopularstoriesisOliverTwist,anearlyworkpublished1837-8.Oliverwasapoororphanorphan.Hehadnoparents.Attheworkhouse,hismasterswereverystick.So,oneday,heescapedtoLondon.InLondon,hemetathiefandhisfriends,whotaughthimtostealfromrichpeople.Duringthistime,hemetakindman,Mr.Brunlow.ButthethiefforcedOlivertostealfromMr.Brunlow.IfOliverrefused,theywouldkillhim.Butoneday,thepolicefoundthethiefandtheyarrestedhimandsenthimtoprison.Finally,adoptedOliver.Mr.Brunlowadopted.
InOliverTwist,Dickensmixesgrimrealismandmercilesssatireasawaytodescribetheeffectsofindustrialismon19th-centuryEnglandandtocriticizetheharshnewPoorLaws.Oliver,aninnocentchild,istrappedinaworldwherehisonlyoptionsseemtobetheworkhouse.
•industrial/institutionalsetting,however,afairytalealsoemerges.Inthemidstofcorruptionanddegradation,theessentiallypassiveOliverremainspure-hearted;hesteersawayfromevilwhenthosearoundhimgiveintoit,andinproperfairy-talefashion,heeventuallyreceiveshisreward—leavingforapeacefullifeinthecountry,surroundedbykindfriends.Onthewaytothishappyending,Dickensexploresthekindoflifeanorphan,outcastboycouldexpecttoleadin1830sLondon.
8.MyLastDuchess最后十行赏析
Thepoemiswrittenasadramaticmonologue:
onespeakerrelatestheentirepoemasiftoanotherpersonpresentwithhim.ItusesiambicpentameterofAABBcouplets.Thespeaker(presumablytheDukeofFerrara)isgivingtheemissaryofhisprospectivesecondwifeatouroftheartworksinhishome.HestopsbeforeaportraitofthelateDuchess,apparentlyayoungandlovelygirl.TheDukebeginsreminiscingabouttheportraitsessions,thenabouttheDuchessherself.TheDukedescribesherhappy,cheerfulandflirtatiousnature,whichhaddispleasedhim.Hewantstoshowhimselfoffandshowhiswife’sdisloyaltytohimbutonthecontrary,thereadersfindoutheisasavage,small-mindedman.TheDukethenresumesanearlierconversationregardingweddingarrangements,andinpassingpointsoutanotherworkofart,abronzestatueofNeptunetamingasea-horse,ashewantstotameduchess.
名词解释
1.Transcendentalismwasareligiousandphilosophicalmovementthatdevelopedduringthelate1820sand'30sintheEasternregionoftheUnitedStatesasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofspiritualityand,inparticular,thestateofintellectualismatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineoftheUnitarianchurchastaughtatHarvardDivinitySchool.
Amongthetranscendentalists'corebeliefswastheinherentgoodnessofbothpeopleandnature.Theybelievethatsocietyanditsinstitutions—particularlyorganizedreligionandpoliticalparties—ultimatelycorruptthepurityoftheindividual.Theyhavefaiththatpeopleareattheirbestwhentruly"self-reliant"andindependent.Itisonlyfromsuchrealindividualsthattruecommunitycouldbeformed.
2.Freeverseisanopenformofpoetry.Itdoesnotuseconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.Itthustendstofollowtherhythmofnaturalspeech.
3.Theterm"StreamofConsciousness"wascoinedbyphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesinThePrinciplesofPsychology(1890),andin1918MaySinclairfirstappliedthetermstreamofconsciousness,inaliterarycontext.
Streamofconsciousnessisanarrativedevicethatattemptstogivethewrittenequivalentofthecharacter'sthoughtprocesses,eitherinalooseinteriormonologue,orinconnectiontohisorheractions.Instreamofconsciousnessthespeaker'sthoughtprocessesaremoreoftendepictedasoverheardinthemind;itisprimarilyafictionaldevice.作家joyce《Ulysses》VirginiaWolf《MrsDalloway》
作家及诗歌
4.Metaphysicalpoetry
Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtodesignatetheworksofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.
Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.
ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.
5.Blankverse
Blankverseisatypeofpoetry,distinguishedbyhavingaregu
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