考研英语一真题word版.docx
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考研英语一真题word版.docx
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考研英语一真题word版
绝密★启用前
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
(一)
(科目代码:
201)
☆考生注意事项☆
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SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it’sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:
childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.
4,whydowetrustatall?
Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:
InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.
11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?
”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!
”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty–andrealizedthetesterhad17them.
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.
1.[A]on
2.[A]faith
[B]like
[B]concern
[C]for
[C]attention
[D]from
[D]interest
3.[A]benefit
[B]debt
[C]hope
[D]price
4.[A]Therefore
[B]Then
[C]Instead
[D]Again
5.[A]Until
[B]Unless
[C]Although
[D]When
6.[A]selects
[B]produces
[C]applies
[D]maintains
7.[A]consult
[B]compete
[C]connect
[D]compare
8.[A]at
[B]by
[C]of
[D]to
9.[A]context
[B]mood
[C]period
[D]circle
10.[A]counterparts
[B]substitutes
[C]colleagues
[D]supporters
11.[A]Funny
[B]Lucky
[C]Odd
[D]Ironic
12.[A]monitor
[B]protect
[C]surprise
[D]delight
13.[A]between
[B]within
[C]toward
[D]over
14.[A]transferred
[B]added
[C]introduced
[D]entrusted
15.[A]out
[B]back
[C]around
[D]inside
16.[A]discovered
[B]proved
[C]insisted
[D]remembered
17.[A]betrayed
[B]wronged
[C]fooled
[D]mocked
18.[A]forced
[B]willing
[C]hesitant
[D]entitled
19.[A]Incontrast
[B]Asaresult
[C]Onthewhole
[D]Forinstance
20.[A]inflexible
[B]incapable
[C]unreliable
[D]unsuitable
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:
Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
Don’tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations–trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering–havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.
Thisisn’ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.
Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums–fromgrammarschooltocollege–shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:
Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven’tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:
Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?
[A]Leadingpoliticians.
[B]Low-wagelaborers.
[C]Robotowners.
[D]Middle-classworkers.
22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor’sview?
[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.
[B]Optimists’opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.
[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.
[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential.
[B]job-huntingskills.
[C]individualneeds.
[D]cooperativespirit.
24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.
[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.
[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.
[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.
25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit.
[B]possiblesolutionstoit.
[C]itsalarmingimpacts.
[D]itsmajorvariations.
Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives–especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.
Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.
26.AccordingtoParagraphs1and2,manyyoun
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