The History of Film TelevisionVideo.docx
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The History of Film TelevisionVideo.docx
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TheHistoryofFilmTelevisionVideo
TheHistoryofFilm,Television&Video
1872-1877
Aseriesofphotographscanbeviewedbystroboscopicdisc.
1884
GeorgeEastmaninventsflexiblephotographicfilm.
1887
ThomasEdisonpatentsmotionpicturecamera.
1888
Edisonattemptstorecordpicturephotosontoawaxcylinder.
1891-1895
Dicksonshootsnumerous15secondmotionpicturesusingEdison'skineograph,hismotionpicturecamera.
1895
FirstpublicdemonstrationofmotionpicturesdisplayedinFrance.
1897
DevelopmentoftheCathodeRayTubebyFerdinandBraun.
1907
Useofcathoderaytubetoproducetelevisionimages.
1923
Patentfortheiconoscope,theforerunnerofthepicturetube.
1927
TalkingfilmsbeginwithAlJolsonin"TheJazzSinger".
Early1930s
RCAconductsblackandwhitebroadcastingexperiments.
1936
FirsttelevisionbroadcastmadeavailableinLondon.
1938
InitialproposalforcolorTVbroadcastmadebyGeorgeValensi.
1945
Therewerefewerthan7,000workingTVsetsinthecountryandonlyninestationsontheair;threeinNewYork,twoeachinChicagoandLosAngeles,andoneeachinPhiladelphiaandSchenectady,N.Y.
RCAthatsamemonthholdsitsfirstpublicdemonstrationofanewTVcameraofferingasharperimagethanthosetheninuse.
NeartheendofOctober,Gimbel'sDepartmentStoreinPhiladelphiaholdsthefirstlarge-scaleTVdemonstration.Morethan25,000peoplecomeoverthreeweeksforachancetowatchNBCprogramsfromNewYorkandlocalshowssentoutbyPhilco'sPhiladelphiastation.
1946
TheBlueNetwork,partofNBC,officiallybecomestheABCnetwork.A1941FCCrulingrequiredRCAtodivestitselfofoneofitstwonetworks;NBCBluewassoldin1943toEdwardNoblefor$8million,andbecomesABCin1945.
NBCandGillettestagewhat'sbilledasthefirst"televisionsportsextravaganza"--theJoeLouis-BillyConnheavyweightfightatYankeeStadium--inJune.Thefightisaviewingsuccesswithanestimatedaudienceof150,000watching5,000sets.ForeveryTVsettunedintothefight,thereare,onaverage,30peoplewatching,manyseeinganeventonTVforthefirsttime.
InOctober,theTelevisionBroadcastersAssociationdeclares"televisionisreadytoproceedonanexpandedbasis,"andthatthenewindustryis"wellonthewaytobecomingoneofthemostimportantinthenation."
1947
"HowdyDoody,"achildren'sseries,premieresliveonNBCinDecemberasaone-hourSaturdayprogram.SymbolicofthefirstgenerationnurturedonTV,theshowremainsontheairuntil1960.
InMay,livetheaterequivalenttotheBroadwaystagecomestoTVonaregular,commerciallysponsoredbasiswiththepremiereof"KraftTelevisionTheatre."
InMarch,FCCpostponesfinaldecisionsonColorTVbutreaffirmsago-aheadonexistingstandards.
NBCdebuts"MeetthePress,"akindofmade-for-TVnewsconference.ItgoesontobecometheoldestseriesonnetworkTV.
1948
"TheEdSullivanShow"(originally"ToastoftheTown")makesitsdebutinJune.SponsoredbyLincoln-Mercury,theshowbecomesoneofTV'slongest-runningandmostsuccessfulvarietyseries.TheshowairsonCBSinto1971,spurringtheadvancementofscoresofshowbusinesscareers.
Advertisersacceptthemedium:
Throughouttheyear,933sponsorsbuyTVtime,ariseof515%over1947.
Bythefall,FCChasissued108licensesfornewstations,withhundredsmoreapplicationspendingacrossthenation.
TheearliestcablesystemsareborninremoteareasofPennsylvaniaandOregon.KnownthenasCommunityAntennaTelevision,itsfunctionwassimplytobringTVsignalsintocommunitieswhereoff-airreceptionwaseithernon-existentorpoorbecauseofinterferingmountainsordistance.
B.F.GoodrichsponsorsthenewTVseriesofradiocomedyteamGeorgeBurnsandGracieAllen.
MiltonBerlemakeshisTVdebutinSeptemberasthemasterofceremonieson"TheTexacoStarTheater,"whichrunsuntil1956.ByNovember,Mr.Berleissopopulartheshowearnsthehighestratingyet --86.7%ofallTVhouseholds.
1949
ByJanuary,numberofTVstationsgrowsto98in58marketareas.
AspecialbroadcastinJanuaryinauguratesEast-MidwestTVlinkage.Includedinthebroadcastisaone-hoursamplerwiththenetworksdisplayingtheirbest:
ArthurGodfreyforCBS,TedSteeleforDuPont,MiltonBerleandHarryRichmanforNBC,andforABCamysteryshowcalled"StandByforCrime."TheeventmovesChicagoTribunetoreport:
"Theendofdullsustainingfillerontelevisionscreensappearstobeinsight."
FCCadoptstheFairnessDoctrine,makingbroadcastersresponsibleforseekingoutandpresentingallsidesofanissuewhencoveringcontroversy.(EarlierintheCommunicationsActof1934broadcasterswererequiredtogive"equalairtime"tocandidatesrunninginelections.)
U.S.Dept.ofCommerceconfirmsTV'ssellingpowerwhenitreportsinMay:
"Television'scombinationofmovingpictures,soundandimmediacyproducesanimpactthatextendstelevisionasanadvertisingmediumintotherealmofpersonalsalessolicitation."
BettyFurnessstartspitchingrefrigeratorsandappliancesinTVspotsforWestinghouse,launchingarelationshipthatlastsmorethan11yearsandmakesheroneofthefirststarscreatedforcommercialTV.
1950
InJanuary,ArthurGodfreyandFayeEmersonarenamedmostpleasingpersonalitiesinLook'sTVawardsshowonCBS.
NationalsponsorsexitradioforTVatrecordrates,movingVarietytodescribetheexodusas"thegreatestexhibitionofmasshysteriainbizannals."
1951
"Omnibus,"oneofcommercialTV'smosthonoredculturalseries,debuts.HostedbyAlistairCooke,theprogramtakesin$5.5millioninadvertisingrevenuesduringfiveyearsontheair,against$8.5millionincosts.
"ILoveLucy,"ahalf-hourfilmedTVsitcom,isborn.Theshow,unliketheliveTVproductionstypicalofthetime,ranksNo.1inthenationforfourofitsfirstsixfullseasons.ItissponsoredbyPhilipMorris.
CBSbroadcaststhefirstcolorprogramonJune21,butonly25receiverscanaccommodatemechanicalcolor.Viewersof12millionexistingsetsseeonlyablankscreen.
"HallmarkHallofFame"serieslaunchesinDecemberwith"AmahlandtheNightVisitors."
1952
NationalAssociationofRadio&TelevisionBroadcastersratifiesanewTelevisionCodeestablishingguidelinesforcontentandaddressingtheconcernsofsocialcritics.Nearlyhalfthecodeisdevotedtoadvertising.
Inresponsetoprotestsaboutprogramcontent,aHousesubcommitteeinvestigates"offensive"and"immoral"TVprogramsandtouchesonwiderangeoftopics--frombeerspotstodramasdepictingsuicide.
BobHopetakeshiscomedyfromradiotoTVwhen"TheBobHopeShow"debutsinOctober.
Borden'sElsietheCowbeatsoutactorVanJohnsonandU.S.Sen.RobertTaftinrecognitionpollsasoneofAmerica'smostfamiliarfaces.
NBC's"Today"show,firstandlongest-runningearly-morningnetworkshow,bowswithhostDaveGarrowayandchimpanzeesidekickJ.FredMuggs.
Byyear'send,thenumberofTVhouseholdsgrowsto20million,up33%frompreviousyear.U.S.advertisersspendarecord$288milliononTVtime,anincreaseof38.8%from1951.
1953
ColorbroadcastingofficiallyarrivesintheU.S.onDec.17,whenFCCapprovesmodifiedversionofanRCAsystem.
1954
"CaptainKangaroo"
thefirstnetworkkidsshow,beginsonCBS.
TheHamm'sbearisintroducedinaTVspotthatinitiallyrunsasasequeltoa1953Hamm'scommercialthatfeaturedbeaversbeatingontom-toms.
ThefirstcolorcommercialtelevisedinalocalshowwascommissionedinMarchbyCastroDecorators,NewYork,inacontractwithWNBT.ItwasfirsttelecastonAug.6.
1954
NBClaunches"TheTonightShow,"featuringcomedianSteveAllen,onSept.27.Fornearlyfourdecades--untilCBS'"LateShowWithDavidLetterman"entersthescenein1993--theshowdominateslatenight.
InApril,groundworkislaidfortheTelevisionAdvertisingBureau.Forthefirsttime,televisionistheleadingmediumfornationaladvertising.
1955
Immenselypopulardaytimeradioshow"QueenForADay"shiftstoTVinJanuary.BetweenradioandTV,theshowhadarunofnearly20years,althoughwidelycriticizedasanexploitationofhumanmisery,wrappedincommercialplugs.Atthepeakofpopularity,NBCincreasedtheshow'slengthfrom30to45minutestogaintimetosellatthepremiumadrateof$4,000perminute.
FutureU.S.PresidentRonaldReaganbecomeshostof"GeneralElectricTheater,"long-runninganthologyseriesonCBS(1953-61)inwhichmanytopHollywoodfilmstarsappeared.
OneofNBC'sperennialspecials--"PeterPan"withMaryMartinandCyrilRichard--firsttelecastinMarchasaliveproduction.It'sbilledasthefirstnetworkpresentationofafullBroadwayproduction.Videotapelatermakesitpossibletopresenttheshowannuallyforseveralyears.
TheclassicWesternseries"Gunsmoke"beginsits20-yearrunonCBS."The$64,000Question,"sponsoredbyRevlon,premieresinJuneonCBS,ignitingaU.S.gameshowcraze.
1956
VideotapeisintroducedbyAmpexCorp.ataCBS-TVaffiliates'session.MostTVshowsatthetimeareproducedbythekinescopeprocess.
The1939movie"WizardofOz"debutsinNovemberonCBS's"FordStarJubilee."Aftermorethanthreedecadesofexposure,thefeatureisconsideredoneofthemostsuccessfulsingleprogramsinTVhistoryandthelongestcontinuallysponsoredtheatricalmovieonTV.
1957
VarietyreportsinMaythatduringatypicalweek,viewersencounter420commercialstotaling5hours,8minutes.
ByAugust,forthefirsttime,morecountriesworldwideallowTVadvertisingthanforbidit.
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