英语语法句型篇.docx
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英语语法句型篇.docx
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英语语法句型篇
英语语法——句型篇
目录
基本句型:
简单句&并列句2
1.简单句的构成2
简单句的五种形式2
2.并列句3
英语复合句3
定语从句3
A定语从句的构成3
B定语从句的分类5
C定语从句的划分6
D定语从句省略(分词作定语)6
名词性从句7
1.同位语从句:
对前面名词的进一步解释7
2.宾语从句8
3.表语从句9
4.主语从句9
非谓语动词10
状语从句11
1.地点状语从句11
2.方式状语从句12
3.目的状语从句12
4.结果状语从句13
5.比较状语从句13
6.时间状语从句14
★倒装15
7.条件状语从句17
8.原因状语从句17
9.让步状语从句18
★as的用法18
10.状语从句的省略19
基本句型:
简单句&并列句
1.简单句的构成
Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.
Thehandsomeboyismybrother.
主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语
简单句的五种形式
(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);
(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;
(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;
(5)主语+系动词+表语。
谓语
▪实义动词
1及物动词watch,see
②不及物动词sit
▪系动词
①be动词;
2一些实义动词用作系动词:
feel,taste,smell等;
▪Heiscrying.
▪ParentswatchTVeverynight.
▪Myfathergavemesomeadvice.
▪Wecanmakeourcountrybeautiful.
▪Theboyisthetallestintheclass.
▪
2.并列句
两个简单句并列在一起,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。
连接词:
(1)并列关系句型:
连接词有and,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…
eg:
LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.
Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.
(2)转折概念并列句型:
转折词有but
eg:
Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.
(3)对比关系的并列句型:
eg:
Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.
简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
主语——施动者或动作的主体
宾语——受动者
通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成Iloveyou.
英语复合句
定语从句
用于关系词引导句子修饰名词
A定语从句的构成
定语从句的形式
Iknowthegirl.
ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.
IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.
定语从句三步骤
①先找出两个句子中相同的名词
②判断名词是人还是物,人who/that物which/that
③将who/that/which引导的句子放于相同的名词后面
Ilikereadingbooks.
ThebookswerewrittenbyO.Henry.
Ilikereadingbookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyO.Henry.
不能用which,只能用that
1前面的先行词是不定代词,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;
eg:
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?
2如果先行词中出现了theonly,thevery等;
eg:
Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.
3如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级;
eg:
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
4如果先行词中即有人,又有物;
eg:
Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.
1.谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:
关系紧密&关系疏远
look+for寻找关系紧密
look+at看关系疏远
2.定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who的前面;
Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.
Thisisthebookatwhichyouarelooking.
Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.
Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.
Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.
3.关系代词和关系副词
Beijingistheplace.
Iwasbornintheplace.
-BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.
-BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.
定语从句中,如果介词+which表示地点,则可以用where替换;
BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.
eg:
Ican'tforgettheday.
Ijointhearmyontheday.
Ican‟tforgetthedaywhichIjoinedthearmy.
Ican‟tforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.(when)
判断关系代词和关系副词的方法
(1)不管是关系代词还是关系副词,都取决于从句中的谓语动词;
若该谓语动词为及物动词,则一定使用关系代词;若该谓语动词为不及物动词,且其后没有介词,则一定使用关系副词;
eg:
Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Iworkedtogetherwithyou.(onwhich/when)
Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Ispentinthecountryside.(which)
(2)通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?
themuseum:
充当visit的宾语
Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?
关系代词:
前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分;
介词+which:
恰好表示时间和地点,可以替换成when,where这样的关系副词;
B定语从句的分类
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
(1)非限定性定语从句:
先行词(即名词)后有一个逗号;
Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定语从句)
Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定语从句)
限定性定语从句:
定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;
非限定性定语从句:
定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不
会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;
Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.
Ihaveasister,whoisanurse.
(2)非限定性定语从句:
①先行词是前面的整句话;
eg:
Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.
WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.
Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.
②非限定性定语从句引导词which/as:
which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面;
eg:
Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.
eg:
Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_____cameasasurprise.
A.ItB.thatC.asD.which
C定语从句的划分
Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.
Spaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoexplore.
Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.
Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn‟ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.
Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.
D定语从句省略(分词作定语)
关系词充当宾语的时候
Iknowtheboywhotheteacherpraisedjustnow.
Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.
关系词充当主语
Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder.
Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon‟trelyondatacollectedsystematically.
Hamiltonisn‟ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.
Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.
职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。
ThatarecausingcompaniestoInterestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronicpersonnelshortagessearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.
Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.
名词性从句
包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句;
定义:
在句子中起名词作用的句子,且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分;
1.同位语从句:
对前面名词的进一步解释
Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.
英语中的简单句:
陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。
Eg:
Heisastudent.
Areyouastudent?
Whoisastudent?
同位语从句:
关系词不再和前面的名词有关系,而是取决于后面的从句;
eg:
Iknowthefact.
Heisastudent.
Iknowthefactthatheisastudent.
eg:
Ihaveaquestion.
Areyouastudent?
Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.
eg:
Ihaveaquestion.
whoisastudent?
Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.
同位语从句的构成
1从句仍然接在名词之后,名词有可能为answer,belief,concept,explanation,fact,hope,message,news,promise,question,thought等
形式:
名词+从句;
连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;
如果是陈述句,直接加that引导;
一般疑问句:
先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;
特殊疑问句:
直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;
Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.
Theyhadwonthegame.
Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
That在后面的从句中充当成分,为宾语从句,不充当成分,为同位语从句。
区分:
Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.
Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.
Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isthereasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.
2.宾语从句
从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句;
eg:
Wemustfindoutwhodidallthese.
Iwanttoknowweatherhewillcome.
Ihopethathewillcome.
宾语从句的时态:
如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式,则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态;
例如Myteachertoldthatwewouldgothere.
如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理,不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态,宾语从句都用一般现在时;
例如Myteachertoldthattheearthisround.
宾语从句后接陈述句用that引导,that一般可以省略,例如Ithink(that)youareright.
宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt,后面接的一般疑问句通常用whether或if引导;如果前面
的谓语动词是don'tdoubt,则后面从句的连接词一定是that;
宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder,句型为Iwonderif,后面的连接词不能用whether;
宾语从句的否定转移:
think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式;
3.表语从句
若从句为陈述句,直接加that;
若从句为特殊疑问句:
直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;
若从句为一般疑问句:
先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;
Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.
Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathashappened.
(2002text3)Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn‟toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.
(2000)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.
4.主语从句
Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.
▪Weatherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.
▪Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.
it做形式主语的情况
(1)Itis+名词+主语从句;
eg:
Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.
(2)Itis+形容词+主语从句;
eg:
Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetofailure.
如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that引导的主语从句,从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形;
eg:
Itisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingcomputer.
(3)Itis+过去分词+主语从句;
Itissaid/planed/expected…
eg:
ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.
(4)It+不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句
eg:
Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.
从句判别
Whethershewillcomeornotisunknown.
Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.
Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.
Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.
Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.
__________(很多人没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.
(Whatmanypeopledon'trealize)
Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeis___________(我比以前更容易累了).
(thatIfeeltiredmoreeasilythanbefore)
Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating_____(为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).
(whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainposition)
SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).
(nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading)
Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea_______.(中文学起来其实很有趣)
(thatChineseisactuallyinterestingtolearn)
非谓语动词
作主语
作表语
作宾语
(1)todo
(2)+doing
acknowledge,admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1)forget2)stop3)remember4)regret5)try6)mean
(4)+do
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。
feel觉得observe注意到,看到overhear听到watch注视listento听perceive察觉,感知notice注意see看见hear听
Onseeingtheyoungch
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