高考英语一轮总复习第一部分教材知识梳理Unit4Ast.docx
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高考英语一轮总复习第一部分教材知识梳理Unit4Ast.docx
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高考英语一轮总复习第一部分教材知识梳理Unit4Ast
Unit4 Astronomy:
thescienceofstars
(60分钟 83分)
PartA
一、阅读理解(共9小题;每小题2分,满分18分)
A
Forgetcyclists,pedestriansarerealdanger
Wearehavingadebateaboutthistopic.Herearesomelettersfromourreaders.
■ Yes,manycyclistsbehavedangerously.Manydriversaredisrespectfulofcyclists.Butpedestriansareprobablytheworseoffenders.
Peopleofallageshappilywalkalongthepavementwitheyesandhandsgluedtothemobilephone,quiteunawareofwhatisgoingonaroundthem.Theymayevendothesamethingwhilecrossingaroadatapedestriancrossingorelsewhere.Therestofushavetoevade(避让)themorjuststandstilltowaitfortheunavoidablecollision.
Therealproblemisthatsomepedestriansseemtobe,atleastforthemoment,inworldsoftheirownthatare,tothem,muchmoreimportantthanthewelfareofothers.
—MichaelHoran
■ IlovedtheletterfromBobBrooksaboutcyclists(Viewpoints,May29).Iamafraidtheyseemtothinktheyowntheroads.
IwaswalkingacrossAltrinchamRoadonemorningwhenacyclistwentroundmeandonbeingaskedwhathewasdoingheshoutedatme.
Thegovernmentbuiltacyclelaneontheroadbutitishardlyused.
Thepolicedonothing.Whatalaughtheyare!
Thecyclistsshouldallhavetobemadetousethecyclelanesandwearhelmets,fluorescent(发荧光的)jacketsandlightsatnightsandinthemorning.Theyshouldpaysomesortoftaxandbefinedfornotwearingthem.
—CarolHarvey
■ Cyclistsjumponandoffpavements(whicharemeantforpedestrians),rideatspeedalongthepavements,andthinktheyhaveaspecialrighttogothroughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred.
Iwasalmostknockeddownrecentlybyacyclistridingonthepavementwhentherewasacyclelanerightnexttohim.
Otherroadusers,includinghorseriders,managetoobeytherulessowhynotcyclists?
It’sabouttimetheyhadtoberegisteredandinsured,sowhentheydohitapedestrianoravehicle,orcauseanaccident,atleasttheycanbetracedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.
—JML
WritetoViewpointsofthenewspaper.
(2015·湖南高考)
1.MichaelHoranwrotethelettermainlytoshowthat .
A.driversshouldbepolitetocyclists
B.roadaccidentscanactuallybeavoided
C.somepedestriansareathreattoroadsafety
D.walkingwhileusingphoneshurtsone’seyes
2.CarolHarveysuggeststhatcyclistsshould .
A.beprovidedwithenoughroads
B.beaskedtorideontheirownlanes
C.bemadetopaylesstaxforcycling
D.befinedforlaughingatpolicemen
3.WhatisacomplaintofJML?
A.Veryfewdriversareinsured.
B.Cyclistsridefastonpavements.
C.Pedestriansgothroughredtrafficlights.
D.Horseridersdisrespectotherroadusers.
4.Theunderlinedword“they”inthethirdletterrefersto .
A.accidentsB.vehicles
C.pedestriansD.cyclists
5.Thethreeletterspresentviewpointson .
A.realsourcesofroaddangers
B.waystoimproveroadfacilities
C.measurestopunishroadoffences
D.increasedawarenessofroadrules
【文章大意】随着交通的发达,越来越多的车辆给行人和骑车者带来安全隐患,与此同时,行人和骑车人的一些不良行为也是造成交通事故的潜在原因。
在本文中,读者们就行人和骑车人出行的一些不良行为进行了吐槽。
1.C 推理判断题。
根据MichaelHoran写的信中的第二、三段可知他写信是为了说明行人的不良行为给交通带来的危险,故选C项。
2.B 细节理解题。
根据CarolHarvey写的信中最后一段的首句可知,他建议骑车者应该受到限制,只走自行车专用道,故选B项。
3.B 细节理解题。
根据JML写的信中的第一段可知他主要抱怨的是自行车骑车者在人行道上车速太快,故选B项。
4.D 代词指代题。
根据JML信中的内容可知他主要抱怨的是自行车骑车者,故此处的they就是指“骑车者”。
故选D项。
5.A 推理判断题。
通读三封书信可知,三个读者讨论的都是影响道路的危险因素,故选A项。
B
AnambitiousprojecttoestablishahumancolonyonMarshasattractedapplicationsfromtensofthousandsofwould-beastronauts,justtwoweeksafterapplicationsopened.
Themission,aprivateventurebytheDutchnon-profitorganization,MarsOne,aimstosendacrewtotheRedPlanetin2022—and,duetothephysiologicalchangeinthehumanbodyafterastayonMars,there’dbenocomingback.Thathasn’tdeterredpeople,though,sofar,over200,000peoplehaveappliedtobecomeoneofMars’firstimmigrants.“Thisisturningouttobethemostdesiredjobinhistory,”saysBasLansdorp,co-founderofMarsOne.
Day-to-daylifeonMarswillbenopicnic.Theorganizationsaysthatthedailyroutineontheplanetwouldinvolveconstructionworkonthecolony(installinggreenhouses,forexample),maintenanceofthesettlement’ssystemsandresearchintoMars’climateandgeologicalhistory—allinaninhospitableenvironmentwithunbreathableairandanaveragetemperatureintheplanet’smid-latitudesofaround-58℉.
ButMarsOnesaysitisnotlookingforapplicantswithspecificskills,suchasasciencedegree,whichmightbeusefulduringaninterplanetaryposting.Instead,theyarelookingforpeoplewho“haveadeepsenseofpurpose,willingnesstobuildandmaintainhealthyrelationships,thecapacityforself-reflectionandabilitytotrust.”Theyalsowantvolunteerswhoare“resilient,adaptable,curious,creativeandresourceful.”CandidateswillreceiveaminimumofeightyearstrainingbeforeleavingEarth,thecompanysays.
Inadditiontopeopleskills,successfulapplicantsmustbegoodfundraiserstoo:
MarsOneplanstoraisemuchofthemission’s$6billionestimatedcostthrougharealityTVshowfollowingtheapplicantsastheyundergopreparationsfortheone-waytriptoMars.
1.Accordingtothepassage,wecan’tknowaboutMarsthat .
A.thereisnohumanbeingslivingonitnow
B.thereisnoaironit
C.themid-latitudes’averagetemperatureislowerthanthatontheearth
D.itwillleadtophysiologicalchangeforhumanbeingslivingonit
2.Theapplicantswill onMars.
A.liveincold
B.getadesiredjob
C.dosomeresearch
D.getalargeamountofmoney
3.Theapplicantsarenotnecessaryto .
A.haveasciencedegree
B.havepeopleskills
C.begoodfundraisers
D.haveadeepsenseofpurpose
4.Theunderlinedword“deterred”inParagraph2means .
A.preventedB.scared
C.explainedtoD.informed
【文章大意】本文为说明文,主要介绍了一项人类移民火星计划。
1.B 推理判断题。
根据第三段中的“allinaninhospitableenvironmentwithunbreathableair”可知,火星上没有适合人呼吸的空气,但这并不是说火星上没有空气,因此B项不符合文意。
2.C 细节理解题。
根据第三段中的“researchintoMars’climateandgeologicalhistory”可知,他们将研究火星的气候和地质历史,即进行研究工作,故选C项。
3.A 细节理解题。
根据倒数第二段中的“itisnotlookingforapplicantswithspecificskills,suchasasciencedegree”可知,申请者不需要有科学学位。
4.A 词义推测题。
此句中的主语that是指上句提到的“duetothephysiologicalchangeinthehumanbodyafterastayonMars,there’dbenocomingback”,即这是一次有去无回的旅程,然而下文却说已有超过20万人申请移民火星,故可推断deter意为“阻止”。
二、语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
TwoweeksbeforeChristmas,twolittlegirlswerewalkingdownthestreet1. theysawoldHarry,whowasonhiskneespullingweedsfromaroundatree.Heworeapairofworngloves.Hisfingerswerestickingoutoftheends,bluefromthecold.Theystopped2. (talk)tohim.
Harrytoldthemhe3. (get)theyardinshapeasaChristmasgiftforhismother,whohaddiedseveralyearsbefore.“MymotherwasallIhad.Shelovedheryardandtrees,soIdothisforhereveryChristmas.”
Hiswordstouchedthegirlsandsoontheyjoinedhim,4.
(pull)weeds.Whentheyfinished,Harrypressedacoinintoeachoftheirhands.“IwishIcouldpayyoumore,butthat’sallI’vegotrightnow,”hesaid.
Thegirlshadoftenpassedhishouse,andtheyrememberedthatithadalwaysbeen5. poorcondition.Nodecorationstoaddcheerinesswereanywhereinsight.
Astheywalkedon,thecoininonelittlegirl’shandseemedtoburnaholeof6 (guilty).Thenextdayshecalledherfriends.Andtheyagreedtoputtheircoinsinajar7. (mark)“Harry’sChristmasGift”.Thentheybegantoseekoutsmalljobstoearnmore.Everycointheyearnedwentintothejar.
Finally,theyhadenoughmoney8. (buy)newgloves.ChristmasEvefoundthemonHarry’sdoorstepsingingcarols.Theypresentedhimwiththegloves.With9. (tremble)hands,heheldtheglovestohisfaceandwept.Nodoubtheonceagainfelt10. loveofothersasthegirlsreachedouttohim.
(2015·郑州二模)
1.when。
bedoingsth.when...为固定句型,意为“正在做某事,这时……”。
2.totalk。
stoptodosth.意为“停下来去做某事”。
3.wasgetting。
Harry说话时正在修整院子,联系全文的主体时态可知,应用过去进行时。
4.pulling。
此处意为“两个小女孩和他一起拔草”。
用现在分词作伴随状语。
5.in。
inpoorcondition为固定搭配,意为“状态不好”。
6.guilt。
介词of后需用名词作宾语。
7.marked。
jar和mark之间是被动关系,罐子是被做记号,故填marked。
8.tobuy。
此处用动词不定式作结果状语。
9.trembling。
hands与tremble是主动关系,因此用现在分词作前置定语。
10.the。
love有ofothers修饰,前面应用定冠词表示特指。
PartB
一、完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)
ItwasafreezingcoldeveninginnorthernVirginiamanyyearsago.Anoldmanwaswaitingfora 1 acrosstheriver.
Atlastheheardsomehooves 2 alongthefrozenpath.Anxiously,hewatchedasseveralhorsemencamearoundthebend. 3 ,heletthempassbyoneafteranother.Finally,asthe 4 riderwasdrawingnear,theoldman 5 therider’seyeandaskedwhetherhewould 6 givinghimaridetotheotherside.
Therideragreed 7 .Seeingtheoldmanwasunableto 8 hishalf-frozenbodyfromtheground,thehorseman 9 andhelpedtheoldman 10 thehorse.Thehorsemantooktheoldmannotjustacrosstheriver,buttohis 11 ,atinybutcozycottage.
Beforeleaving,outof 12 ,thehorsemanaskedtheoldmanwhyonsuchabitterwinternighthewouldwaitandaskthelastriderand 13 hehadrefused.Theoldmanreplied,“Ilookedintotheeyesoftheotherridersandimmediatelysawtherewasno 14 formysituation.ButwhenIlookedintoyoureyes,Iwascertainthatyourgentlespiritwouldgiveme 15 inmytimeofneed.”
Those 16 commentstouchedthehorsemandeeply,who 17 theoldman,“MayInevergettoobusywithmyownaffairsthatI 18 torespondtotheneedsofotherswithkindnessandcompassion.”
19 thesewords,ThomasJefferson,presidentoftheUnitedStates,turnedhishorsearoundand 20 hiswaybacktotheWhiteHouse.
(2015·太原五中二模)
1.A.horsemanB.horse
C.rideD.friend
2.A.attackingB.running
C.enteringD.approaching
3.A.HoweverB.Therefore
C.ThusD.Moreover
4.A.comingB.l
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