美国文学 2 Realishtic.docx
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美国文学 2 Realishtic.docx
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美国文学2Realishtic
Chapter 2 The Realistic Period
Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求
通过本章的学习,了解美国19世纪中期现实主义文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期的主要作家的文学创作生涯、人生观及价值观及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
Ⅱ.本章重点和难点
1.美国现实主义文学的特点
2.现实主义与自然主义的异同,这两种倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映
3.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语 言风格、艺术手法、社会意义等
4.分析选读作品的思想内容及艺术特色、人物刻画
Ⅲ.考核知识点和考核要求
(一).现实主义时期概述
1.识记:
美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景
(a)美国南北战争
(b)威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯:
美国现实主义的先驱
(c)达尔文主义和法国小说家佐拉的影响
2.领会:
A.美国现实主义文学的特点
(a)占主导地位的美国现实主义小说
(b)现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说
(c)现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向
B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向之异同
C.达尔文主义、法国自然主义作家的主张以及对现实主义时期美国文学的影响
3.应用:
A.名词解释:
现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义
B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映
(二).美国现实主义时期的主要作家
A.马克·吐温
1.一般识记:
马克·吐温的生平及创作生涯
2.识记:
马克·吐温的主要作品
《汤姆·索亚历险记》
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》
3.领会:
马克·吐温作品中的地方色彩、幽默及语言特色
4.应用:
(1)选读《哈克贝里·费恩》第三十一章:
主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色
(2)哈克的性格分析及其社会意义
B.亨利·詹姆斯
1.一般识记:
詹姆斯的生平和创作生涯
2.识记:
詹姆斯的早期作品《黛西。
米勒》,〈〈一个美国人〉〉〈〈贵妇人的画像〉〉〈〈欧洲人》
中期作品《波士顿人》〈〈螺丝在拧紧〉〉〈〈丛林猛兽》
后期作品《专使》〈〈鸽翼〉〉〈〈金碗》
文艺理论著作:
《小说的艺术》
3.领会:
(1)詹姆斯的“现实主义”
(2)詹姆斯的小说艺术特色:
“视角”与心理分析
4.应用:
(1)选读《黛西·米勒》第一章:
主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
(2)《黛西·米勒》的主题和人物分析
C.艾米莉·狄金森
1.一般识记:
狄金森的生平及创作生涯
2.识记:
狄金森的诗歌
(1)狄金森有关“永恒”主题的诗
(2)狄金森的爱情诗
(3)狄金森的自然诗
3.领会:
狄金森诗歌的主题结构,创新和艺术特色
4.应用:
选读狄金森诗歌第441、465.585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色
D.西奥多·德莱塞
1.一般识记:
德莱塞的生平及创作生涯
2.识记:
德莱塞的主要作品
《嘉丽妹妹》《珍妮姑娘》《美国的悲剧》
“欲望”三部曲:
《金融家》《巨头》《斯多葛》
3.领会:
德莱塞小说的语言风格
4.应用:
(1)达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向
(2)选读《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选:
主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
Chapter2 TheRealisticPeriod
一、识记:
1.TheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?
)
Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especia1lyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.
2.Thehistoricalandsocio-culturalbackgroundofAmericanRealism
TheAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddeve1opmentofRealism.Thisperiodischaracterizedwithchanges,inrelationtoeveryaspectofAmericanlife,politically,economically,culturally,andreligiously.Firstofall,politically,theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystemofthecountry.Americahadtransformeditse1fintoanindustria1izedandcommercializedsociety.Wildernessgavewaytocivilization.Theburgeoningeconomyandindustrysteppedupurbanization.However,economically,thechangeswerenotallforthebetter.Theindustrializationandtheurbanizationwereaccompaniedbytheincalculablesufferingsofthelaboringpeople.Therefore,polarizationofthewellbeingbetweenthepoorandtherichstartedtoshowup.Thirdly,asfarastheideologywasconcerned,peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthebenevo1enceofGod,whichtheTranscendentalistscaredmost.WhatMarkTwainreferredtoas“theGi1dedAge”replacedthefrontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhumanconnection.Fourthly,theliterarysceneaftertheCivi1Warprovedtobequitedifferentapicture.Theharshrea1itiesoflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroismresultingfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.TheAmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimentalfeelingsofRomanticism.Thus,startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.
3.TheGildedAge
ItreferstotheperiodofgrossmaterialismandblatantpoliticalcorruptionintheU.S.historyduringthe1870sthatgaverisetoimportantnovelsofsocialandpoliticalcriticism.Theperiodtakesitsnamefromtheearliestofthese,TheGildedAge(1873),writtenbyMarkTwainincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarner.ThenovelgivesavividandaccuratedescriptionofWashingtonD.C.,andispeopledwithcaricaturesofmanyleadingfiguresoftheday,includinggreedyindustrialistsandcorruptpoliticians.ThepoliticalnovelsoftheGildedAgerepresentthebeginningsofanewstrainintheAmericanliterature,thenovelasavehicleofsocialprotest,atrendthatgrewinthelate19thandearly20thcenturieswiththeworksofthemuckrakersandculminatedintheproletariannovelists.
二.领会
1.WhatisRealism?
Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.
2.TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature
Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentof1ife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,insteadofwritingaboutthepolite,we11--dressed,grammatica1lycorrectmiddle--classyoungpeoplewhomovedinexoticplacesandremotetimes,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssubconsciousness.
ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthe1andscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.
3.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheRealisticperioddifferedintheirunderstandingofthe“truth”
(1)WhileMarkTwainandHowellspaidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericans,HenryJameslaidagreateremphasisonthe"innerworld"ofman.Hecametobelievethattheliteraryartistshouldnotsimplyholdamirrortothesurfaceofsociallifeinparticulartimesandplaces.Inaddition,thewritershoulduselanguagetoprobethedeepestreachesofthepsychologicalandmoralnatureofhumanbeings.Heisarealistoftheinnerlife.
(2)ThoughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansociety,theyhadeachofthemdifferentemphasis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories,whichisknownas“localcolorism”,auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.
4.WhatisLocalColorism?
Post-CivilWarAmericawaslargeanddiverseenoughtosenseitsownlocaldifferences.Regionalvoiceshademerged.“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveeacapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsoftheloca1e.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.
5.TheinfluenceofDarwinismandFrenchnaturalistwritersonAmericanliteratureinitsRealisticPeriod
TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryontheAmericanthoughtandtheinfluenceofthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:
Americannaturalism.Darwin,inhisTheOriginofSpecies(1859)andDescentOfMan(187l),expoundedhistheoryofnaturalselection.TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofthistheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereconceivedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.AndconsciouslyorunconsciouslytheAmerican
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