清华06考博英语试题+含解.pdf
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清华06考博英语试题+含解.pdf
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1清华大学清华大学2006200620062006年博士生入学考试试题年博士生入学考试试题考试科目:
101英语PartPartPartPartListeningListeningListeningListeningComprehensionComprehensionComprehensionComprehension(20%20%20%20%)(清华大学2008年初试不考听力,此处略去,但仍附在试卷后面。
)23PartPartPartPartReadingReadingReadingReadingComprehension(40Comprehension(40Comprehension(40Comprehension(40)Directions:
Thereare4readingpassagesinthispartEachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatementsForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDYoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetQuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions41414141totototo45454545arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage:
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostayThismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentwidelyButweneedtogofurtherWemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureworkShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?
Shouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforselfrespecting?
Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?
Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork?
4TheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeoplesworkhastakentheformofjobsTheindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversedThisseemsadiscouragingthoughtBut,infact,itcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforworkUniversalemployment,asitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedomEmploymentbecamewidespreadwhenthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselvesThenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeopleshomesLater,astransportimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peopletraveledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeoplesworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylivedMeanwhile,employmentputwomenatdisadvantageItbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswifeAllthismaynowhavetochangeThetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfulltimejobs41Whatideadidtheauthorderivefromtherecentopinionpolls?
AAvailableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulationBNewjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfiguresCJobsavailablemustbedistributedamongmorepeopleDThepresenthighunemploymentfiguresareafactoflife42ThepassagesuggeststhatweshouldnowreexamineourthinkingaboutworkandA.bepreparedtoadmitthatbeingemployedisnottheonlykindofworkB.createmorefactoriesinordertoincreaseourproductivityC.setupsmallerprivateenterprisessothatweinturncanemployothersD.bepreparedtofillintimebytakinguphousework43ThepassagetellsusthatthearrivaloftheindustrialagemeantthatAuniversalemploymentguaranteedprosperityBeconomicfreedomcamewithineveryonesreachCpatternsofworkwerefundamentallychangedDtosurvive,everyonehastofindajob44Asaresultoftheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturies,A.peoplewerenolongerlegallyentitledtoownlandB.peoplewereforcedtolookelsewhereformeansofsupportingthemselvesC.peoplewerenotadequatelycompensatedforthelossoftheirlandD.peoplewerebadlypaidfortheworktheymanagedtofind45ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAthecreationofjobsforallisimpossibleBwemustmakeeveryefforttosolvetheproblemofunemploymentCpeopleshouldstarttosupportthemselvesbylearningapracticalskillDweshouldhelppeopletogetfull-timejobs【参考答案及解析】41C第一段最后一句指出Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailable5employmentwidely“民意测验表明我们应该更广泛地分享可利用的就业机会”,而选项C的意思是“就业机会应分给更多的人”,两者叙述一致。
故答案为C。
42A文章通篇讲述的是employment不是惟一的工作方式,我们应该寻求方法去“helpmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs”,故选项A正确。
43C从文章第三段someofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbrought可知工业时带来了工作模式的变化,接着第四段指出工业时代的thefactorysystem取代thecottageindustries(家庭手工业),并且迫使人们去离家很远的地方工作,可见patternsofwork发生了根本的改变,选项C正确。
44B文章第四段提到人们失去土地使用权后靠薪酬工作养活自己,随着交通的发展,人们背井离乡,到更远的地方寻求工作。
故选项B正确。
45A文章最后一段提到“theimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforall”,也就是说为所有的人创造工作这个目是不切实际的,这与选项A的叙述一致。
QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions46464646totototo50505050arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage:
VariousinnovationshavebeenintroducedaswaystobreakoffoursystemwhichforcesstudentsthroughaseriesofidenticalclassroomsinwhichteachersdomostofthetalkingandstudentshavelittleopportunitytorespondAmongtheseinnovationsareteamteachingandteacheraides,non-gradedelementaryandsecondaryschools,independentstudy,curriculafocusedonhelpingstudentsdiscoverthingsforthemselvesratherthanontryingtotellthemeverything,andschoolsdesignedformaximumflexibilitysothatstudentscanworkalone,orinsmallgroups,ortakepartinlargegroupinstructionviadiversemediaTheaimofalltheseinnovationsistoadaptinstructionmorepreciselytotheneedsofeachindividualstudentManypeoplewhohaveastrongdisliketoorganizinginstructionscientificallyandtobringingnewtechnologyintotheschoolsandcollegesfailtorealizethatthepresentsystemisinmanyrespectsmechanicalandrigidThevastdifferencesinthewaysstudentslearnaredisregardedwhentheyaretaughtthesamething,inthesameway,atthesametimeThereisnoescapingtheevidencethatmanystudentsthemselvesfeellittleenthusiasmandevenout-righthostilityforthepresentwayschoolsandcollagesareorganizedandinstructionishandledManyofthemresenttechnology,butwhattheyobjecttoisusuallytechnologyusedasameansforhandlingalargenumberofstudentsOritisprogrammingwhichmerelyreproducesconventionalclassroomrespondsandlearns,reachingnewplateausfromwhichtoclimbtohigherlevelsofunderstandingTechnologicalmediacanstoreinformationuntilitisneededorwantedTheycandistributeitoverdistancestoreach,thestudentwherehehappenstobeTheycanpresenttheinformationtothestudentthroughvarioussensesTheycangivethestudenttheopportunitytoreacttothematerialinmanywaysInshort,thestudentsopportunitiesforlearningcanbeincreasedandenhancedbyusingawiderangeofinstructionaltechnologyAlltheavailableresourcesforinstruction,includingtheteacher,canworktogethertocreateconditionsformaximumeffectivelearning46TheauthorismainlyconcernedwithAprovidingthepossibilityforstudentstotakethecoursestheywantBmakingtechnologyanactivetoolintheschoolCrelievingtheteacherfromroutinedutiesDmeetingtheneedsofeachstudent47Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethatagoodeducationalsystemmust6AnotdependonteachersBmakeuseofvaryingmethodsofteachingCplacearenewedemphasisonscienceDnotorganizetheirinstruction48TheauthorsuggeststhatthebasicroleoftheteacherintheeducationalsystemshouldAasalecturerBthatofatechnologistCasthesourceofknowledgeDmuchmorethanthatofclassroomteaching49ThenegativereactionsofstudentstotechnologyaretheresultofAunknownfactorsBageneralhostilitytowardeducationCitsmisuseDitsnewnessintheschools50AllofthefollowingarementionedasacapabilityoftechnologicalmediaEXCEPTtheirabilitytoAmakeiteasierforstudentstoobtainneededinformationBprovidemanywaysofteachingthesamethingCmakelearningeasyandfunDreplacetraditionalreports【参考答案及解析】46D文章首先提到variousinnovations已经打破了原有的教育模式,随后指出这些innovations的目的在于adaptinstructionmorepreciselytotheneedsofeachindividualstudent,也就是说作者关注的是如何针对不同的学生进行有效地教育。
故选项D正确。
B项比较片面,只是实现D项的一种手段。
47B文章提到“thepresentsystemisinmanyrespectsmechanicalandrigid”,同时指出学生学习的方式存在“vastdifferences”,因此作者认为agoodeducationalsystem应该是“Alltheavailableresourcesmaximumeffectivelearning”,也就是选项B的意思(采用不同的方法进行教育)。
48D文章指出在现有的教育体系中,教师“domostofthetalking”和“trytotellthemeverything”,而这种模式并不能满足学生不同的需要,导致学生“feellittleenthusiasmandevenoutrighthostility”。
因此作者认为教师应和所有的教学资源结合起来,最大限度地创造有效学习的环境,也就是说教师不应仅仅是单纯的课堂教学,而应该采用不同的教学方式。
故选项D正确。
49C文章指出学生之所以反对科技在教学中的应用是因为“technologyusedasameans1evels0funderstanding”,也就是说由于科技的不正当使用导致了学生的反感,故选项C正确。
50D选项A、B和C在文章的末尾部分均有提及,只有选项D并未说到。
故答案为D。
QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions51515151totototo55555555arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage:
Rubidium,potassiumandcarbonarethreecommonelementsusedtodatethehistoryofEarthTheratesofradioactivedecayoftheseelementsareabsolutelyregularwhenaveragedoutoveraperiodoftime;nothingisknowntochangethemTobeusefulasclocks,theelementshave7tobefairlycommoninnaturalminerals,unstablebutdecayslowlyovermillionsofyearstoformrecognizable“daughter”productswhicharepreservedminerals.Forexampleanatomofradioactiverubidiumdecaystoformanatomofstrontium(anotherelement)byconvertinganeutroninitsnucleustoaprotonandreleasinganelectron,generatingenergyintheprocessTheradiogenicdaughterproductsofthedecay-inthiscasestrontiumatomsdiffuseawayandarelostaboveacertainveryhightemperatureSobymeasuringtheexactproportionsofrubidiumandstrontiumatomsthatarepresentinamineral,rese
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