1、1清华大学清华大学 2006200620062006年博士生入学考试试题年博士生入学考试试题考试科目：101 英语PartPartPartPart ListeningListeningListeningListeningComprehensionComprehensionComprehensionComprehension（20%20%20%20%）（清华大学 2008 年初试不考听力，此处略去，但仍附在试卷后面。）23PartPartPartPart ReadingReadingReadingReadingComprehension(40Comprehension(40Comprehensi
2、on(40Comprehension(40)Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this partEach passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statementsFor each of them there are four choices markedA，B，C andDYoushould decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheetQuestionsQu
3、estionsQuestionsQuestions41414141totototo45454545arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage：Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that，whoeveris toblame and whatever happens from now on，high un
4、employment is probably here to stayThismeans we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment widelyBut we need to go further Wemust ask some fundamental questions about the futureworkShould we continue to treat employment as the norm?Should we not ratherencourage manyother ways for se
5、lf respecting?Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work forourselves，rather than for an employer?Should we not aim to revive the household and theneighborhood,as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?4The industrial age has been the only period of hu
6、man history in which most peoples workhas taken the form of jobsThe industrial age may now be coming to an end，and some of thechanges in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversedThis seems a discouragingthoughtBut，in fact，it could offerthe prospect of a betterfuture forworkUniversal emp
7、loyment，as its history shows has not meant economic freedomEmployment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many peopledependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land，and thus of the means to providea living for themselvesThen the factory system destroyed the cottag
8、e industries and removedwork from peoples homesLater，as transport improved，first by rail and then by road，peopletraveled longerdistances to their places of employment until，eventually，many peoples work lostall connection with theirhome lives and the places in which they livedMeanwhile，employment put
9、 women at disadvantageIt became customary for the husband togo out to paid employment，leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wifeAll this may now have to changeThe time has certainly come to switch some effort andresources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all，to the
10、 urgent practical task ofhelping many people to manage without fulltime jobs41What idea did the authorderive from the recent opinion polls?AAvailable employment should be restricted to a smallpercentage of the populationBNew jobs must be created in orderto rectify high unemployment figuresCJobs avai
11、lable must be distributed among more peopleDThe present high unemployment figures are a fact of life42The passage suggests that we should now reexamine ourthinking about work andA.be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of workB.create more factories in orderto increase ourprod
12、uctivityC.set up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn can employ othersD.be prepared to fill in time by taking up housework43The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrialage meant thatAuniversalemployment guaranteed prosperityBeconomic freedom came within everyones reachCpatterns
13、 of work were fundamentally changedDto survive，everyone has to find a job44As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries，A.people were no longerlegally entitled to own landB.people were forced to look elsewhere formeans of supporting themselvesC.people were not adequately compensated
14、for the loss of theirlandD.people were badly paid forthe work they managed to find45It can be inferred from the passage thatAthe creation of jobs forallis impossibleBwe must make every effort to solve the problem of unemploymentCpeople should start to support themselves by learning a practicalskillD
15、we should help people to get full-time jobs【参考答案及解析】41C第一段最后一句指出 This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available5employment widely“民意测验表明我们应该更广泛地分享可利用的就业机会”，而选项 C的意思是“就业机会应分给更多的人”，两者叙述一致。故答案为 C。42A文章通篇讲述的是 employment 不是惟一的工作方式，我们应该寻求方法去“helpmany people to manage without full-time jobs
16、”，故选项 A 正确。43C从文章第三段 some of the changes in work patterns which it brought 可知工业时带来了工作模式的变化，接着第四段指出工业时代的 the factory system 取代 the cottage industries(家庭手工业)，并且迫使人们去离家很远的地方工作，可见 patterns of work发生了根本的改变，选项 C 正确。44B文章第四段提到人们失去土地使用权后靠薪酬工作养活自己，随着交通的发展，人们背井离乡，到更远的地方寻求工作。故选项 B 正确。45A文章最后一段提到“the impractica
17、l goalof creating jobs forall”，也就是说为所有的人创造工作这个目是不切实际的，这与选项 A 的叙述一致。QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions46464646totototo50505050arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage：Various innovations have been introduced as ways to brea
18、k off our system which forcesstudents through a series of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking andstudents have little opportunity to respondAmongthese innovations are team teachingand teacheraides，non-graded elementary and secondary schools，independent study，curricula focus
19、ed onhelping students discover things for themselves rather than on trying to tell them everything，andschools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone，orin small groups，ortake part in large group instruction via diverse mediaThe aim ofallthese innovations is to adaptinstructi
20、on more precisely to the needs of each individualstudentMany people who have a strongdislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools andcolleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigidThe vastdifferences in the
21、 ways students learn are disregarded when they are taught the same thing，in thesame way，at the same timeThere is no escapingthe evidence that many students themselves feellittle enthusiasm and even out-right hostility forthe present way schools and collages are organizedand instruction is handledMan
22、y of them resent technology，but what they object to is usuallytechnology used as a means for handling a large number of studentsOr it is programming whichmerely reproduces conventionalclassroom responds and learns，reachingnew plateaus from whichto climb to higher levels of understandingTechnological
23、 media can store information until it isneededorwantedThey can distribute it overdistances to reach，the student where he happens tobeThey can present the information to the student through various sensesThey can give thestudent the opportunity to react to the materialin many waysIn short，the student
24、s opportunitiesfor learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technologyAllthe available resources forinstruction，includingthe teacher，can work togetherto create conditionsformaximum effective learning46The authoris mainly concerned withAprovidingthe possibility fo
25、rstudents to take the courses they wantBmakingtechnology an active toolin the schoolCrelieving the teacherfrom routine dutiesDmeeting the needs of each student47It can be inferred from the article that a good educationalsystem must6Anot depend on teachersBmake use of varyingmethods of teachingCplace
26、 a renewed emphasis on scienceDnot organize theirinstruction48The authorsuggests that the basic role of the teacherin the educationalsystem shouldAas a lecturerBthat of a technologistCas the source of knowledgeDmuch more than that of classroom teaching49The negative reactions of students to technolo
27、gy are the result ofAunknown factorsBa generalhostility toward educationCits misuseDits newness in the schools50Allof the followingare mentioned as a capability of technologicalmedia EXCEPT theirabilitytoAmake it easierfor students to obtain needed informationBprovide many ways of teachingthe same t
28、hingCmake learningeasy and funDreplace traditionalreports【参考答案及解析】46D文章首先提到 various innovations 已经打破了原有的教育模式，随后指出这些innovations 的目的在于 adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student，也就是说作者关注的是如何针对不同的学生进行有效地教育。故选项 D 正确。B 项比较片面，只是实现 D 项的一种手段。47B文章提到“the present system is in man
29、y respects mechanical and rigid”，同时指出学生学习的方式存在“vast differences”，因此作者认为 a good educationalsystem 应该是“Allthe available resourcesmaximum effective learning”，也就是选项 B 的意思(采用不同的方法进行教育)。48D文章指出在现有的教育体系中，教师“do most of the talking”和“try to tellthemeverything”，而这种模式并不能满足学生不同的需要，导致学生“feellittle enthusiasm and
30、 evenoutright hostility”。因此作者认为教师应和所有的教学资源结合起来，最大限度地创造有效学习的环境，也就是说教师不应仅仅是单纯的课堂教学，而应该采用不同的教学方式。故选项 D 正确。49C文章指出学生之所以反对科技在教学中的应用是因为“technology used as ameans1evels 0f understanding”，也就是说由于科技的不正当使用导致了学生的反感，故选项 C 正确。50D选项 A、B 和 C 在文章的末尾部分均有提及，只有选项 D 并未说到。故答案为 D。QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions515151
31、51totototo55555555arearearearebasedbasedbasedbasedononononthethethethefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingpassagepassagepassagepassage：Rubidium，potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history ofEarthThe rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when
32、averaged outover a period of time；nothingis known to change themTobe usefulas clocks，the elements have7to be fairly common in natural minerals,unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to formrecognizable“daughter”products which are preserved minerals.For examplean atom of radioactive rubidiu
33、m decays to form an atom of strontium(anotherelement)by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron，generatingenergy in the processThe radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontiumatomsdiffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperatureSo by measuring the exactproportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral，rese
