关于瓦尔登湖中大卫梭罗的自然观分析.docx
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关于瓦尔登湖中大卫梭罗的自然观分析.docx
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关于瓦尔登湖中大卫梭罗的自然观分析
I.Introduction
A.AbouttheauthorHenryDavidThoreau
HenryDavidThoreauwasbornin1817.Hisfather,John,wasapencilmaker.ThoreaustudiedatHarvardUniversitybetween1833and1837.In1837,heworkedasapencilmakerwithhisfather,ahandyman,afarmer,yetwasatthesametimeanaccomplishedGreekscholar.
HenryDavidThoreauwasacomplexmanofmanytalentswhoworkedhardtoshapehiscraftandhislife,seeinglittledifferencebetweenthem.Oneofhisfirstmemorieswasofstayingawakeatnight“lookingthroughthestarstoseeifIcouldseeGodbehindthem.”OnemightsayheneverstoppedlookingintonatureforultimateTruth.
HenrygrewupveryclosetohisolderbrotherJohn,whotaughtschooltohelppayforHenry’stuitionatHarvard.Whilethere,HenryreadasmallbookbyhisConcordneighbor,RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,andinasenseheneverfinishedexploringitsideas—althoughalwaysdefinitelyonhisownterms,justasheexploredeverything!
He andhisbrothertaughtschoolforawhilebutin1842,Johncuthimselfwhileshavinganddiedoflockjawinhisbrother’sarms,anuntimelydeathwhichtraumatizedthe25-year-oldHenry.He workedforseveralyearsasasurveyormakingpencilswithhisfather,butattheageof28in1845,wantingtowritehisfirstbook,hewenttoWaldenPondandbuilthiscabinonlandownedbyEmerson.
WhileatWalden,Thoreaudidanincredibleamountofreadingandwriting,yethealsospentmuchtimesaunteringinnature.Hegavealectureandwasimprisonedbrieflyfornotpayinghispolltax,butmostlyhewroteabookasamemorialtoarivertriphehadtakenwithhisbrother,A WeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers.
Aftertwoyears,ThoreaureturnedtoConcord—abaretwomilesawaywhichhehadvisitedfrequentlyduringhisstayatthepond,havingcompletedhisexperimentinlivingandhisbook.Unfortunately,fewpeoplewereinterestedinpurchasinghisbook,sohespentthenextnineyears,surveyingandmakingpencilsattimesbutprimarilywritingandrewritingWaldenbeforetryingtopublishit.He supportedhimselfbysurveyingandmakingafewlectures,oftenonhisexperienceatWaldenPond.He traveledoften,totheMainewoodsandtoCapeCodseveraltimes,andwasparticularlyinterestedinthefrontierandIndians.He opposedthegovernmentforwagingtheMexicanwareloquentlyinResistancetoCivilGovernment,basedonhisbriefexperienceinjail,helecturedagainstslaveryinanabolitionistlecture,SlaveryinMassachusetts.He evensupportedJohnBrown’seffortstoendslaveryaftermeetinghiminConcord,asinA PleaforCaptainJohnBrown.
Thoreaudiedoftuberculosisin1862,attheageof44.Hislastwordsweresaidtobe“Moose”and“Indian”.Notonlydidheleavehistwobooksandnumerousessays,buthealsoleftahugeJournalpublishedlaterin20volumes,whichmayhavebeenhismajorwork-in-progress.Manymemorialswerepennedbyhisfriends,includingEmerson’seulogyandLouisaMayAlcott’spoem,“Thoreau’sFlute.”
HenryDavidThoreauwasagreatAmericanwriteroftranscendentalisminthe19thcentury,andnowisthefirstmajorwriterdescribingnatureinAmericanliteraturehistory.HisunderstandingofnatureisunprecedentedinAmericanliterature.Thoreau’slifelongdevotiontohisprofessionofdescriptionofnatureinworkslikeWaldenmakeshimasimpleofcultureformodernAmericans,eventhewholeworld.Inasense,HenryDavidThoreaustandsinalongtraditionofformingselvesandvoicesinhiswriting.OftenknownasanAmericanpoet,essayistandphilosopher,ThoreaulivesoutthetenetsofTranscendentalismandrecountstheexperienceinhisWalden.HeisoneofthefewAmericanauthorsthathavebeenadmiredorcritiquedglobally.In1995,WalterHardingturnedoutanarticletitled‘‘Thoreau’sReputation’’tryingtorenderapanoramicviewofhowThoreauhadbeenperceivedinaworldotherthantheUnitedStates.
B.AbouttheworkWalden
WhenWaldenwaspublishedin1854,itwasnotwellacceptedbypeople.Insteaditwasregardedas“wickedandheathenish”.ItwaspublishedonlythetimeuntilThoreaudiedofdisease.Butmanyyearslaterespeciallyintwentiethcentury,itwasgraduallyknownandappreciatedbylotsofreadersallovertheworld.
Waldenemphasizestheimportanceofself-reliance,solitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonature.Thebookisneitheranovelnoratrueautobiography,butcombinesthesegenreswithasocialcritiqueandmaterialistattitudes.Thebookisnotsimplyacriticismofsociety,butalsoanattempttoengagecreativelywiththebetteraspectsofcontemporarycultureissuggestedbothbyhisproximitytoConcordsocietyandbyhisadmirationforclassicalliterature.Therearesignsofambiguity,oranattempttoseeanalternativesideofsomethingcommon—thesoundofapassinglocomotive,forexample,iscomparedtonaturalsounds.
WaldenisbelievedtohavebeeninspiredbyAmericanTranscendentalism,aphilosophydevelopedbyThoreau’sfriendandspiritualmentorRalphWaldoEmerson.EmersonownedthelandonwhichThoreaubuilthiscabinatWaldenPond,andThoreauusedtowalkovertoEmerson’shouseforamealandaconversation.ThoreauregardedhissojournatWaldenasanobleexperimentwithathreefoldpurpose.ItshouldcomeasnosurprisethatWaldenisnowaniconforenvironmentalists,andatouchstoneforAmericansseekingto“getintouchwithnature.”
Ⅱ.AnalysisofHenryDavidThoreau’sviewofnature
A.Theinfluenceofsociety
InthehistoryofAmericanliteraturethereisnostrongertiebetweenawriterandaplacethanthetiebetweenThoreauandConcordMassachusetts.ThoreauhasrivedallhislifeinConcordwhichprovideshimwithnaturalsurroundingsandsocialbackground.Moreover,ThoreaudevelopshisdeepfriendshipwithEmersonhere,whichprovestoinfluenceThoreau’sliterarywritingtoalargeextent.TheyallcontributetotheformationofThoreau’sviewofnature.Thoreau’slovefornaturecanbetracedbacktohischildhoodinConcord.Thoreauisapassionateoutdoorsmanfromchildhood.AsLeonBazalgettedescribes:
“AllConcordisspreadoutonhislaplikeagreatbookfullofpicturesandsongs.”Asaboy,Thoreauwalkedonthesunnymeadows,swamintheclearriversandponds,pickedhuckleberriesinthehillsandfields,andplayedgamesinthequietwoods.Allthesegavehimasenseofprofoundpleasureinnaturewithwhichhecouldneverkeepaway.Astimepassedby,hewasfamiliarwitheverysightinConcord.Emersoncomments:
“Hechosewiselynodoubtforhimselftobethebachelorofthoughtandnature.Hiseyeswereopentobeauty,andhisearstomusic.Hefoundthesenotinrareconditions,butwhereverhewent.”Asaresult,“Hekneweverytrackinthesnoworonthegroundandwhatcreaturehadtakenhispathbeforehim.”Justashesawthedayasallepitomeoftheyear,hesawConcordanepitomeoftheworld.BycenteringhiseyesonConcord,Thoreaugraspedthebeautyofwholenature.Moreover,thisexperiencepreparedforhislaterscientificnaturalobservation.
Tosomeextent,ConcordisconcernedwitheveryimportantaspectofThoreau’slifeandworks.Helivedthere,workedthereandasEmersonsaidinThoreau:
“Thoreaudedicatedhisgeniuswithsuchentirelovetothefields,hills,andwatersofhisnativetown,thathemadeitknownandinterestingtoanreadingAmericans,andtopeopleoverthesea.”
B.TheinfluenceofWalden
1.Farfromthecity
Inthelonghistoryofhumanbeings’development,theyalwaystriedtobreakawayfromtheconstraintofnature.ThisgraduallycametobetrueafterthefirstIndustrialRevolution.Manynewscientificinventions,suchasthesteam-poweredengines,steam-ship,railroad,andtelegraphy,weredeveloped.Thesewerethemoststrikingandrevolutionaryinventionsinthemid-19thcentury.ItisobviousthatThoreaufearedthatscienceandtechnologywouldgraduallybecomeaweaponforpeopletoexploitnatureandamonsterofinwardintrusionanddestructiontohumanlife.
Intheeyesofmostpeople,natureonlyhadeconomicvalueandrecreationalvalue.Obviously,theywereinconflictwithnature,whichwasregardedasaninanimateobjectwithoutanyemotion.Theyonlythoughtofhowtheycouldexploitnatureandmakeitservetheirpurposes.Theforestthusbecametherawmaterialformeetingpeople’sdemandsforfood,clothingandshelter.Thoreaubelievedthatforthosewhoonlysoughttooccupyallthenaturalresourceshadbeendehumanizedandcouldnotenjoytherealscentofnature.
AtWaldenThoreaucanbeclosetothenature,consideraboutthenaturewithoutdisturbingofthecity.Helikesthewayoflife.Moreimportanthedidn’twanttheprosperouscitytodestroyhisbeautifulnatureinhisheat.
2.Lifeinthewoods
Inautumn,Thoreaucultivatesbeans,observesWaldenPond.Inwinter,theWaldenPondfreeze,lotsofanimalsaccompanieswithhim.As spring’scoming,theWalden andotherpondsmelt.EverythinginnatureisawakeandrebornincludingThoreau.He livesaloneinthewoods,heiscloseto natureandmakeshimselfasapartofnature.He livesalone,butsometimeshealso talkswithhisvisitorswhoarehonest,sincere,thinkableandlovingtheirlife.Inthewoods lifeisquite.When he livesinthewoods,hecanlistentoanimals’soundssuchasbird’ssinging,owl’shooting,cockerel’scrowingetc.He liveswithanimalsfriendly.Healsodescribesthe WaldenPond.Thewater,blueandgreen,clearandpure,freezesinwinterandmeltsinspring.
BylivingatWalden,Thoreauholdsclosecommunionwithnature,andexperienceshissimplelifeinnature.Meanwhile,hecultivateshislifelonginterest:
saunteringinnature,studyingandwritingaboutit.Thuswecan
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