An Analysis of the Cause of Tesss Tragedy From Her Character in Tess of the dUrbervilles.docx
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An Analysis of the Cause of Tesss Tragedy From Her Character in Tess of the dUrbervilles.docx
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AnAnalysisoftheCauseofTesssTragedyFromHerCharacterinTessofthedUrbervilles
AnAnalysisoftheCauseofTess’sTragedyFromHerCharacterinTessofthed’Urbervilles
从苔丝性格角度浅析苔丝悲剧的成因
摘要
伟大的小说家托马斯•哈代的著作《德伯家的苔丝》被认为是全世界最成功的悲剧之一。
在哈代的笔下,女主人公苔丝是一个漂亮、善良、纯洁以及具有忍耐力和自我牺牲精神的女人。
在英国文学史上,苔丝一直被当作一个最特殊的女性角色之一。
然而,这个纯洁女人的生活却极其悲惨和不幸。
为了帮助读者更好地欣赏这部著作,本文从苔丝的性格入手,探讨苔丝悲剧的成因,并认为苔丝的责任心、自尊心、天真和冲动导致了她的毁灭。
关键词:
苔丝;悲剧;性格
Abstract
TessoftheD’Urbervilles(hereafterTess),writtenbythegreatnovelistThomasHardy,isregardedasoneofthemostsuccessfultragediesaroundtheworld.UnderHardy'spen,theheroineTessisdepictedasanattractive,kind-hearted,andpurewoman,whohasthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.TesshaslongbeentakenasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.However,thelifeofthispurewomanisrathertragicandmiserable.ThispaperaimstoexplorethecausesofTess'stragedyinTessoftheD'UrbervillesthroughTess'scharacter,whichwillhelpthereadergetabetterappreciationofthisfamousmasterpiece.ItisarguedthatTess’sresponsibility,pride,innocence,andimpulsivenessleadtoherdownfall.
Keywords:
Tess;tragedy;character
TableofContents
摘要I
AbstractII
1Introduction1
1.1ABriefIntroductiontoThomasHardy1
1.2AGeneralIntroductiontotheNovel1
1.3Plot1
1.4ThesisStatementofThisPaper2
2LiteratureReview3
3Responsibility4
3.1ResponsibilityObligesTesstoClaimKin4
3.2ResponsibilityForcesTesstoCohabitatewithAlec5
4Pride5
4.1PrideDetersHerFromUrgingAngeltoStay6
4.2PrideDetersHerFromAskingforHelp6
5Innocence7
5.1TessIsSoSimpleastoBelieveAngelwillForgiveher7
5.2TessIsSoInnocentastoBeDefraudedbyAlecTwice8
6Impulsiveness8
7Conclusion9
WorksCited10
1Introduction
1.1ABriefIntroductiontoThomasHardy
Hardywasagreatcriticalrealistinthelate19thcentury.(Wu312)AsanexcellentEnglishnovelistandpoet,hehelpedforgealinkbetweenthe19thand20thcenturyliterarytraditions.Hardy'sworksreflecthisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.
1.2AGeneralIntroductiontotheNovel
Tess,publishedin1891,isoneoftheHardy'smostsignificantandfamousworksinhisclassifiedgroup,"NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment".Afterthepublicationofthisnovel,Hardyreachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.
1.3Plot
Inthisnovel,Hardymoldsanimageofamisfortunatefemalebytellingastoryofapeasantgirlofdecayedaristocraticstockwhoisbetrayedbytwomen:
oneisAlec,richandsensuous,theseducerofherbody;theotherAngel,isthesonofaclergymanwhomsheloves,andwhoabandonsherwhensheconfessherearlierviolationintheirweddingnight.SubsequentlyAngelforgivesherandcomesbacktosearchforher,onlytofindthatshehasbeendrivenbacktoAlecbypoverty.Finally,shekillsAlecduetoherstronglovetoAngelandherdisgustatAlec,forwhichshelosesherlife.
1.4ThesisStatementofThisPaper
ThefateofTessisfilledwithmisery.Herinevitabletragicendingisrelatedwithvariousfactors,amongwhichpersonalfactorscanneverbeneglected.ThusthispaperdiscussesTess'stragedyfromtheperspectiveofhercharacterandarguesthatherresponsibility,pride,innocence,andimpulsivenesscontributetoherdestruction.
2LiteratureReview
Tessisoneofthemostwell-knownandfantasticworksofThomasHardy,whichhasneverlostitsappealtotheliterarycriticsandordinaryreadersaswell.AfterWorldWar
withthedevelopmentofmodernliterarycriticism,differentreviewersinterpretTessfromvariousperspectives.
TherearedifferentschoolsofthoughtaboutthecausesofTess'stragedy.Sometrytoexplainthetragedythroughsocialfactors,whichischieflyrepresentedbyEnglishcriticsDouglasBrownandArnoldKettle.TheyseeTessasavictimofasocialdisintegrationthathasbeencausedbythecomingofindustrializationtothecountryside.Besides,someChinesescholarsalsobelongtothisgroup.Forinstance,ProfessorJinYuanpuholdstheviewthat“thistragedycondemnedseverelyVictoriansociety.”(255).SomeattributeTess'sundoingtoherfate.AccordingtoJohnMacy,“Tesswasthevictimofdestiny”.(282)SomeproposethatTess'sdownfallalsostemsfromhumanfactors.OneofthecriticsbelongingtothisschoolisProfessorWebster.Inhisopinion,TessisacontributiontoHardy'swaragainstman'sinhumanity.
3Responsibility
ItisTess'shighsenseofresponsibilitytoherfamilyandherself-sacrificepusheshertofallintoAlec'straptwice.Forthefirsttime,sheissenttoafamilyfalselyconnectedtoherfamilybyname,wheresheisseducedbyAlec.AlthoughsheisreluctanttoreceiveAlec's“help”,sheislaterforcedbacktohimforthesakeofherhomelessfamily.
3.1ResponsibilityObligesTesstoClaimKin
Attheverybeginningofthestory,Tess'sfather,JohnDurbeyfield,isseverelydrunkbecauseheisstunnedtohearthenewsfromaparsonthatheisthedescendentofanancientnoblefamily,thed'Urbervilles.SoTess,togetherwithheryoungerbrotherAbraham,hastotaketheplaceofJohntodeliverbeehivesthoughshedidnottrulyknowhowtodriveahorse.UnfortunatelythehorsePrince,theonlymeansthatthewholefamilyusestomakethepotboil,waskilledbyalocalmailcart.TessblamesherselfforthedeathofPrinceandfeelsitisherresponsibilitytomakemattersright.Shetriestoseekforsomelightoccupationintheneighborhoodtocollectenoughmoneyduringthesummertopurchaseanotherhorse,buttheplanfallsthrough.Itisatthispointthat“hermotherbroachedthescheme”(Hardy39)forTesstoclaimkinwiththed'urbervilles,afalserepresentativeoftheoldd'urbervillefamily.“Well,asIkilledthehorse,mother,”shesaidmournfully,“IsupposeIoughttodosomething.Idon'tmindgoingandseeingher.…”(Hardy40)
OutofhersenseofdutytoresolvetheDurbeyfields'economicdifficulties,TessacceptsAlec's“help”andtakesemploymenttolookafterpoultry.Atthistime,“sheisinthespecialpositionofawomanlaborer,thataswellasaworkersheisexposedtothemarket,withitsrangeofpossibilitiesinseduction,marriage,desertion,keptmistress.”(Norman35)
3.2ResponsibilityForcesTesstoCohabitatewithAlec
AfterTessisabandonedbyherhusband,Angel,TessbecomesawageearnerinFlintcomb-Ash,wheresheworksinanextremelyhardworkingconditionbecauseshegivesherfamilyhalfthemoneyAlechasgiventoher.
Thoughsheundergoesvarioushardships,TesscanendurethemandwaitpatientlyforAngel'sreturningtoher.ButmisfortunecomesuponTessandherfamilyonceagain.Herfather'spassingawayconstitutesalethalattackonTess.“Thenewsmeantevenmorethanitsounded.Herfather'slifehadavalueapartfromhispersonalachievements…”(Hardy338)
Consequently,theDurbeyfieldslosesthelifetenureoftheircottageafterJohn'sdeathandbecomeshomeless.Tess,bearingaburdentofindashelterforherfamily,finallyyieldstoAlec'spersistentpursuit.Thus,althoughTessisunwillingtobeAlec'smistressandevenfeeldisgustedwithAlec,shehastodosobecausesheisresponsibleforthelivelihoodofhermotherandsiblings.
4Pride
Tess'sprideandstrongself-esteemisshownrepeatedlythroughoutthestory:
inherunwillingnesstotellherparentsthetruthabouthermarriageortoaskhelpfromAngel'sparents.Itisalsoherpridethatpreventshertryingtowinherhusbandback.
4.1PrideDetersHerFromUrgingAngeltoStay
AftersheconfessesherpasttoAngelintheirweddingnight,sheisdespisedanddesertedbyhim.WhenAngelsuggeststhattheyshouldn'tlivetogetheruntilheacceptsherpast,sheshowsnodisagreementandmakesnoeffortstobeghimtostaynotonlybecauseofhersubmissivenessbutalsobecauseofherprideandself-esteem.Hardymadehiscommentsafewwordsafterdepictingthesceneoftheirdeparture:
IfTesshadbeeartful;hadshemadeascene,fainted,wepthysterically…hewouldprobablynothavewithstoodher.Buthermoodoflong-sufferingmadehiswayeasyforhim…pride,too,enteredintohersubmission-whichperhapswasasymptomofthatrecklessacquiescenceinchancetooapparentinthewholed’Urbervillefamily-andthemanyeffectivechordswhichshecouldhavestirredbyanappealwereleftuntouched.(248)
4.2PrideDetersHerFromAskingforHelp
Subsequenttotheirdeparture,Tessmeetsgreatdifficulties,economicallyandspiritually.Butshewouldratherworkina“starveacre”farmandendureAlec'sincessantharassmentthanseekhelpfromAngel'sparentsorwhoeverhastheabilitytoassisther.
Shetriestomakeherin-lawsknowherplightayearafterhermarriagetoAngel,butshecannotscrewupcouragetomeetAngel'sfamilieswhenshereachesthevicarage.Hardyanalyzesherbehaviorasfollows:
Thesamedelicacy,pride,falseshame…hinderedherinowningtohimthatshewasinwant…Theyprobablydespisedheralready;howmuchmoretheywoulddespiseherinthecharacterofamendicant!
Theconsequencewasthatbynoeffortcouldtheparson'sdaughter-in-lawbringherselftolethimknowherstate.(291)
5Innocence
Tess,asimple,innocentandfaithfulcountrygirl,isatoddswiththeworldwhichinventstrainsandmachinesaswellasthenouveaurichelikeAlec.Finallyshebecomesavictimofthemodernsociety.
5.1TessIsSoSimpleastoBelieveAngelwillForgiveher
Intheirweddingnight,TessbecomesalmostgladrightlyafterAlec'sconfessionabouthisdissipationwithastranger,takingitforgrantedthatAngelwouldalsoforgiveherfaults.“OAngel-Iamalmostglad-becausenowyoucanforgiveme!
”(
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