civil engineering CHAPTER TWO土木工程概论英文课件.docx
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civil engineering CHAPTER TWO土木工程概论英文课件.docx
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civilengineeringCHAPTERTWO土木工程概论英文课件
CHAPTERTWOPREPARATIONFORBEINGACIVILENGINEER
Thefirststeptobeacivilengineerisgenerallytostudycivilengineeringinauniversityorcollege,ormajorin主修civilengineeringorotherrelatedprograms.Inmostcountries,thecertificate(adocumentattestingtothetruthofcertainstatedfacts)ofRegisteredEngineer注册工程师isonlygiventothosewhohaveacceptedhighereducationinaccredited(givenofficialapprovaltoact)programs.Inthischapter,thereaderwillacquiretheinformationaboutthetypical(ofafeaturethathelpstodistinguishapersonorthing)contentoftheseprograms.
∙2.1WhatKindsofKnowledgeAreNecessaryforacivilEngineer?
Engineeringeducationinuniversitiesdomesticandabroadincludesgeneraleducationandspecialengineeringeducation.Atfirst,scienceandmathematicsshouldbementionedingeneraleducation.Engineeringisasystemoftheapplyingofscienceandtechnology,soscientificprinciplessetthefoundationofengineering.Thisisthemostimportantdifferencebetweenmoderncivilengineeringandancientconstructionactivities,althoughconstructionhasalwaysdependedtosomeextentonscientificprinciples.SincetheIndustrialRevolution工业革命,andevenasfarbackas早在,远在theRenaissance(therevivaloflearningandculture),civilengineeringhasalwaysbeenabranchoftechnologicscience.Forthesereasons,scienceandmathematicsbecomethecommonbaseofengineeringeducationincludingcivilengineeringeducation.
Owingtotheaccumulationofseveralcenturies,modernsciencehasaccumulated.amassive(containingagreatquantityofmatter)bodyofliteratureandknowledge.However,thebeginnerneednotsitunderappletreetodiscoverthelawsofuniversalgravitationasIsaacNewtondidinlegend(astoryaboutmythical).Neitherdoeshehavetoexhaust(wearoutcompletely)hisbrainfortheprincipleoftransformbetweenenergyandthemass.Basedontheworkofnumerouspioneers,newstudentscannowenterintotheparadiseofscienceeasily.Nowadays,engineeringisasyntheticsystemnotonlydependingontraditionalmechanics,butalsocloselyrelatingtoadvancedscience.YoucanfindthecoursessuchasPhysics,Chemistry,ComputerScience,MaterialScience,EnvironmentalScience,andperhapsmore,inyourcivilengineeringprogram.
∙Onecharacteristicofmodernscienceisthatitcanbedescribedexactlyandbeautifullybymathematics.Sotheengineershouldgraspthispowerfultooltosolvetheproblemstheywillmeetinengineeringanalysis,design,planningandcontrol.Inthisaspect,engineeringstudentsshouldlearnadvancedmathematics高等数学includinganalyticgeometry解析几何;分析几何学(theuseofalgebra代数学tostudygeometricproperties);,differentialandintegralcalculus微积分,progression,differentialequation微分方程(anequationcontainingdifferentialsofafunction).Inaddition,studyoflinearalgebra线性代数,matrix,probability,numericalmethods数值方法;计算方法isusuallyrequiredbyCivilEngineeringProgram.Usingallofthisknowledge,anengineerisabletopredictpreciselyimportantthingsabouttheproject.Forexample,anengineercantellwhetherahouseorabridgeissafeordangerouswhenearthquakeoccurs,orwhenitishitbyahurricane.Howcantheskilledengineerdoit?
Theengineerdoesthisbyusingabstractmodelsfromphysicalobjects(物理对象visibleentity),whichcanbedescribedandpredictedbymathematics.Mathematics数学运算providesengineerswithasolidfoundationintheirengineeringactivities.Furthermore,bystricttrainingthroughverification确认,查证;核实(additionalproofthatsomethingthatwasbelieved(somefactorhypothesisortheory)iscorrect),deduction推论(somethingthatisinferred)andcalculationinthestudyofmathematics,onewillaccustomoneselftologicality,strictness,andmorerationality;importantqualitiesforagoodengineer.
Anengineernotonlyjusttakestheresponsibilityorthetechnologyandproductionactivitiesofaprojectbutalsohasthedutytothesociety.Doesyourengineeringprojectbenefityourpeopleandsocietyorharmthem?
Aqualifiedengineershouldbeconscientiouslyawareofthispointatalltimesandforthisreasonuniversitiesalsoorganizesocialscienceandhumanitieseducationfortheirstudents.Studentsenrollinginengineeringprogramsshouldaccepttheeducationinthisaspect.Philosophy,ethics,history,literature,aesthetics(thebranchofphilosophydealingwithbeautyandtaste(emphasizingtheevaluativecriteriathatareappliedtoart),aswelleconomics,management(theactofmanagingsomething)andforeignlanguageareausefulandnecessarytool.
Thenecessaryknowledgeforprofessionaloccupationofcivilengineeringiscomposedoftwoparts;baseknowledgeforentirecivilengineeringandcorrespondingknowledgeforaspecialaspect.
Mostcivilengineeringprojectscanbeseenasvarietiesofstructures.Inordertoensurethesafetyofstructures,civilengineersshouldunderstandtheirmechanicalproperties力学性能,suchasforces,stresses(forcethatproducesstrainonaphysicalbody),displacements(movesomethingfromitsnaturalenvironment)anddeformations(theactoftwistingordeformingtheshapeofsomething)ofthestructures,causedbytheweightofthestructureitselfandfacilities,windsonthestructure,vehicles车辆,varyingoftemperatures,andperhapsearthquakes.Courses,usuallynamedmechanicsofmaterials材料力学,structuralanalysis结构分析,elasticity(thetendencyofabodytoreturntoitsoriginalshapeafterithasbeenstretchedorcompressed),aresetforthispurpose.Becausecivilengineeringprojectsarelaidonorundertheground,toknowsoilandrockpropertieswellisnecessary.Thusgeo-engineering,soilmechanicsandfoundationstudiesarealsobaseknowledge.Waterandwind,thosewillactonorreactwiththestructures,havecommonpropertiesintheviewofmechanics,andfluidmechanics流体力学(studyofthemechanicsoffluids)dealswiththeconcernedtheories.Furthermore,aknowledgeofengineeringchartdrawing(askilltoexpressthedesignideabypicturesincommonrulesunderstoodbyengineers*techniciansandworkers),surveying(tomeasurethelandformforconstruction),andelectricity,machinery,constructionmanagement建筑工程管理andgeneraltechnic,budget(asumofmoneyallocatedforaparticularpurpose),bidding投标;出价(thenumberoftricksabridgeplayeriswillingtocontracttomake)thetenderingarealsorequired.绘制应力应变图
Sincecivilengineeringcoversmanyfieldsofknowledgewithmanyaspectswhichwillbefoundintherestchaptersofthisbook,itisimpossibletolearnalloftheknowledgeintheseareas.Almostalloftheuniversitiesintheworldtoprovidestudentswithseveraloptionstoenablethemtospecialize专门研究inthefieldsmentionedinChapterOne.Suchamethodisalsobeingre-acceptedbycivilengineeringeducationinChinasince1998althoughitwasthewayintheearlyhistoryofhighercivilengineeringeducationbefore1950s.Forexample,studentscannowchooseoptionsinbuildingstructures,bridge,tunnel,roadpavementandconstruction,railwayandsoon,toknowhowtodesign,construct,andorganizeacivilengineeringproject.Andthestudentsareusuallyencouragedtochoosemoreoptionsfortheirfutureprofessionallife.
Youcanchooseoneofthemasyourdirection
22WhatCantheUniversityEducationProvideforStudents?
COURSES:
Basically,universityoffersstudentsavarietyofcourses.Thebranchesofknowledgementionedaboveareinvolvedinthecoursesandcoursesareusuallydividedintothreetypes:
requirementanythingindispensable,approvedelectives批准选修,andfreechoice.
Therequirementandapprovalelectivesareboththecoursesthatthestudentsmajoredinmustlearn.Therearesomedifferencesbetweenthetwotypes.Studentscannotmissanyrequirementcoursewhilehavelimitedrighttoelectsomeoftheapprovedelectives.Inthatcase那样的话auniversityusuallytellsstudentstheminimumwhichtheyshouldchooseinthelistoftheapprovalelectives.Asfor关于thefreechoice,universitiesnormallyaskforanecessarynumberofcreditsorclasshours.Thosewhohopetograduateandbeawardedthecorrespondingdegree,havetomeettherequirementoftheuniversityortheschool.
Universitiesshouldcontinuallyadjustteachingplansandcoursetables课程表withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,tomeettheneedsoffutureengineers.Sothecontentsofcoursesarechangedfromtimetotime.
TEACHERS:
Asinmiddleandhighschools,teachersinuniversitiesgivelectures,checkhomework,organizepaneldiscussion专题讨论会(discussionofasubjectofpublicinterestbyagroupofpersonsformingapanelusuallybeforeanaudience)forspecialproblems,guidethestudentstoexperimentsandalsocheckanswersintestsheetsattheendofsemester.
Simultaneously,mostofthemplaytheroleofscientistsand/orengineers.Theypublishresearchpapers研究论文injournals,spendmuchtimeinlaboratorytoverifyanewdiscovery,testarenewalmaterialwiththeengineeringpurpose,ordesignandmakeanewtoolforengineeringpurpose.Someofthemareregisteredengineers注册土木工程师iftheirfieldiscivilengineering,andevenhavetheirowndesigninstitutes.Infamousuniversities,whenyouknockadoortoaskyourprofessoraquestion,youwillbeprobablytoldthattheprofessorwhoyouaretalkingisarespectableacademicianofAcademyofSciencesorEngineering.Thegroupsofwisdoms,whoaregoodattheoriesandpracticeexperience,arethebestgifttheuniversitiesaffordtothestudents.Unliketheteachersinmiddleandhighschools,universityprofessorsrarelymonitoryourdailystudy,becausetheyappreciatestudentsshouldstudyonindividualinitiative.
Withthedevelopmentofi
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