常见缺陷图.docx
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常见缺陷图.docx
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常见缺陷图
GeneralWeldingDiscontinuities
Thefollowingdiscontinuitiesaretypicalofalltypesofwelding.
Coldlap(冷隔)isaconditionwheretheweldfillermetaldoesnotproperlyfusewiththebasemetalorthepreviousweldpassmaterial(interpasscoldlap).Thearcdoesnotmeltthebasemetalsufficientlyandcausestheslightlymoltenpuddletoflowintobasematerialwithoutbonding.
Porosity(气孔)istheresultofgasentrapmentinthesolidifyingmetal.Porositycantakemanyshapesonaradiographbutoftenappearsasdarkroundorirregularspotsorspecksappearingsingularly,inclustersorrows.SometimesporosityiselongatedandmayhavetheappearanceofhavingatailThisistheresultofgasattemptingtoescapewhilethemetalisstillinaliquidstateandiscalledwormholeporosity.Allporosityisavoidinthematerialitwillhavearadiographicdensitymorethanthesurroundingarea.
Clusterporosity(密集气孔)iscausedwhenfluxcoatedelectrodesarecontaminatedwithmoisture.Themoistureturnsintogaseswhenheatedandbecomestrappedintheweldduringtheweldingprocess.Clusterporosityappearjustlikeregularporosityintheradiographbuttheindicationswillbegroupedclosetogether.
Slaginclusions(夹渣)arenonmetallicsolidmaterialentrappedinweldmetalorbetweenweldandbasemetal.Inaradiograph,dark,jaggedasymmetricalshapeswithintheweldoralongtheweldjointareasareindicativeofslaginclusions.
Incompletepenetration(IP)orlackofpenetration(LOP)(未焊透)occurswhentheweldmetalfailstopenetratethejoint.Itisoneofthemostobjectionablewelddiscontinuities.Lackofpenetrationallowsanaturalstressriserfromwhichacrackmaypropagate.Theappearanceonaradiographisadarkareawithwell-defined,straightedgesthatfollowsthelandorrootfacedownthecenteroftheweldment.
Incompletefusion(未熔合)isaconditionwheretheweldfillermetaldoesnotproperlyfusewiththebasemetal.Appearanceonradiograph:
usuallyappearsasadarklineorlinesorientedinthedirectionoftheweldseamalongtheweldpreparationorjoiningarea.
Internalconcavityorsuckback(内凹)isconditionwheretheweldmetalhascontractedasitcoolsandhasbeendrawnupintotherootoftheweld.Onaradiographitlookssimilartolackofpenetrationbutthelinehasirregularedgesanditisoftenquitewideinthecenteroftheweldimage.
Internalorrootundercut(根部咬边)isanerosionofthebasemetalnexttotherootoftheweld.Intheradiographicimageitappearsasadarkirregularlineoffsetfromthecenterlineoftheweldment.UndercuttingisnotasstraightedgedasLOPbecauseitdoesnotfollowagroundedge.
Externalorcrownundercut(外咬边)isanerosionofthebasemetalnexttothecrownoftheweld.Intheradiograph,itappearsasadarkirregularlinealongtheoutsideedgeoftheweldarea.
Offsetormismatch(错边)aretermsassociatedwithaconditionwheretwopiecesbeingweldedtogetherarenotproperlyaligned.Theradiographicimageisanoticeabledifferenceindensitybetweenthetwopieces.Thedifferenceindensityiscausedbythedifferenceinmaterialthickness.Thedark,straightlineiscausedbyfailureoftheweldmetaltofusewiththelandarea.
Inadequateweldreinforcement(未焊满)isanareaofaweldwherethethicknessofweldmetaldepositedislessthanthethicknessofthebasematerial.Itisveryeasytodeterminebyradiographiftheweldhasinadequatereinforcement,becausetheimagedensityintheareaofsuspectedinadequacywillbemore(darker)thantheimagedensityofthesurroundingbasematerial.
Excessweldreinforcement(焊缝余高过高)isanareaofaweldthathasweldmetaladdedinexcessofthatspecifiedbyengineeringdrawingsandcodes.Theappearanceonaradiographisalocalized,lighterareaintheweld.Avisualinspectionwilleasilydetermineiftheweldreinforcementisinexcessofthatspecifiedbytheengineeringrequirements.
Cracks(裂纹)canbedetectedinaradiographonlywhentheyarepropagatinginadirectionthatproducesachangeinthicknessthatisparalleltothex-raybeam.Crackswillappearasjaggedandoftenveryfaintirregularlines.Crackscansometimesappearas"tails"oninclusionsorporosity.
DiscontinuitiesinTIGwelds
ThefollowingdiscontinuitiesarepeculiartotheTIGweldingprocess.Thesediscontinuitiesoccurinmostmetalsweldedbytheprocessincludingaluminumandstainlesssteels.TheTIGmethodofweldingproducesacleanhomogeneousweldwhichwhenradiographediseasilyinterpreted.
Tungsteninclusions(夹钨).Tungstenisabrittleandinherentlydensematerialusedintheelectrodeintungsteninertgaswelding.Ifimproperweldingproceduresareused,tungstenmaybeentrappedintheweld.Radiographically,tungstenismoredensethanaluminumorsteel;therefore,itshowsasalighterareawithadistinctoutlineontheradiograph.
Oxideinclusionsareusuallyvisibleonthesurfaceofmaterialbeingwelded(especiallyaluminum).Oxideinclusionsarelessdensethanthesurroundingmaterialsand,therefore,appearasdarkirregularlyshapeddiscontinuitiesintheradiograph.
DiscontinuitiesinGasMetalArcWelds(GMAW)
ThefollowingdiscontinuitiesaremostcommonlyfoundinGMAWwelds.
Whiskersareshortlengthsofweldelectrodewire,visibleonthetoporbottomsurfaceoftheweldorcontainedwithintheweld.Onaradiographtheyappearaslight,"wirelike"indications.
Burn-Through(烧穿)resultswhentoomuchheatcausesexcessiveweldmetaltopenetratetheweldzone.Oftenlumpsofmetalsagthroughtheweldcreatingathickglobularconditiononthebackoftheweld.Theseglobsofmetalarereferredtoasicicles.Onaradiograph,burnthroughappearsasdarkspots,whichareoftensurroundedbylightglobularareas(icicles).
RadiographInterpretation–Castings(铸件)
Themajorobjectiveofradiographictestingofcastingsisthedisclosureofdefectsthatadverselyaffectthestrengthoftheproduct.Castingareaproductformthatoftenreceiveradiographicinspectionsincemanyofthedefectsproducedbythecastingprocessarevolumetricinnatureand,thus,relativelyeasytodetectwiththismethod.Thesediscontinuitiesofcourse,arerelatedtocastingprocessdeficiencies,which,ifproperlyunderstood,canleadtoaccurateaccept-rejectdecisionsaswellastosuitablecorrectivemeasures.Sincedifferenttypesandsizesofdefectshavedifferenteffectsoftheperformanceofthecasting,itisimportantthattheradiographerisabletoidentifythetypeandsizeofthedefects.ASTME155,StandardforRadiographsofcastingshasbeenproducedtohelptheradiographermakeabetterassessmentofthedefectsfoundcomponents.Thecastingsusedtoproducethestandardradiographshavebeendestructivelyanalyzedtoconfirmthesizeandtypeofdiscontinuitiespresent.Thefollowingisabriefdescriptionofthemostcommondiscontinuitytypesincludedinexistingreferenceradiographdocuments(ingradedtypesorassingleillustrations).
RADIOGRAPHICINDICATIONSFORCASTINGS
Gasporosityorblowholesarecausedbyaccumulatedgasorairwhichistrappedbythemetal.Thesediscontinuitiesareusuallysmooth-walledroundedcavitiesofaspherical,elongatedorflattenedshape.Ifthesprueisnothighenoughtoprovidethenecessaryheattransferneededtoforcethegasorairoutofthemold,thegasorairwillbetrappedasthemoltenmetalbeginstosolidify.Blowscanalsobecausedbysandthatistoofine,toowet,orbysandthathasalowpermeabilitysothatgascan'tescape.Toohighamoisturecontentinthesandmakesitdifficulttocarrytheexcessivevolumesofwatervaporawayfromthecasting.Anothercauseofblowscanbeattributedtousinggreenladles,rustyordampchillsandchaplets.
Sandinclusionsanddrossarenonmetallicoxides,appearingontheradiographasirregular,darkblotches.Thesecomefromdisintegratedportionsofmoldorcorewallsand/orfromoxides(formedinthemelt)whichhavenotbeenskimmedoffpriortointroductionofthemetalintothemoldgates.Carefulcontrolofthemelt,properholdingtimeintheladleandskimmingofthemeltduringpouringwillminimizeorobviatethissourceoftrouble.
Shrinkageisaformofdiscontinuitythatappearsasdarkspotsontheradiograph.Shrinkageassumesvariousformsbutinallcasesitoccursbecausemoltenmetalshrinksasitsolidifies,inallportionsofthefinalcasting.Shrinkageisavoidedbymakingsurethatthevolumeofthecastingisadequatelyfedbyriserswhichsacrificiallyretaintheshrinkage.Shrinkagecanberecognizedinanumberofcharacteristicbyvaryingappearancesonradiographs.Thereareatleastfourtypes:
(1)cavity;
(2)dendritic;(3)filamentary;and(4)spongetypes.Somedocumentsdesignatethesetypesbynumbers,withoutactualnames,toavoidpossiblemisunderstanding.
Cavityshrinkageappearsasareaswithdistinctjaggedboundaries.Itmaybeproducedwhenmetalsolidifiesbetweentwooriginalstreamsofmelt,comingfromoppositedirectionstojoinacommonfront;cavityshrinkageusuallyoccursatatimewhenthemelthasalmostreachedsolidificationtemperatureandthereisnosourceofsupplementaryliquidtofeedpossiblecavities.
Dendriticshrinkageisadistributionofveryfinelinesorsmallelongatedcavitiesthatmayvaryindensityandareusuallyunconnected.
Filamentaryshrinkageusuallyoccursasacontinuousstructureofconnectedlinesorbranchesofvariablelength,widthanddensity,oroccasionallyasanetwork.
Spongeshrinkageshowsitselfasareasoflacytexturewithdiffuseoutlines,generallytowardthemid-thicknessofheaviercastingsections.Spongeshrinkagemaybedendriticorfilamentarysh
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