A Brief Study on Black Humor in Catch22浅议《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默.docx
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A Brief Study on Black Humor in Catch22浅议《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默.docx
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ABriefStudyonBlackHumorinCatch22浅议《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默
ABriefStudyonBlackHumorinCatch-22
ChapterIIntroduction
Catch-22isthefirstandmostimportantlongnovelofJosephHeller.Sincecatch-22waspublishedin1961inAmerica,ithasalwaysbeenacrucialpartofmodernliterature.Withthetimepassing,thenovelhasnotbeenoutofdate.Onthecontrary,itattractswideattentionsaroundtheworldbecauseofthenovel’stheme,writingstyleandvalue.
InChina,anincreasingnumberofscholarswritebooksandessaystoexpounddifferentaspectsofthenovel.Throughdetailedsearchandanalysis,itwasfoundthatatpresentthereareatleast130academicpapersaboutCatch-22ontheCDMD(ChineseDoctorandMaster’sDatabase).Amongallthesepapers,48papersfocusonitsthemeandtheauthorand66papersareconcernedwithitswritingskills.SomeothersmainlystudyontheabsurdityaswellasotherthingsrelatedwithCatch-22,forexample,WuShaohui(2006)FreeChoiceinanAbsurdWorld—AnInterpretationoftheExistentialismandWangYimei(2005)TheGradualReturntoSelf—ATentativeAnalysisofSelf-awarenessinthe20thCentury’sWesternModernistLiterature.Besides,severalpapersareaboutcharactersofCatch-22suchasWanShihua(2006)TheBlackFigureSalon—AnalysisoftheFiguresonCatch-22.Undoubtedlynomatterwhatsubjectsthescholarsstudy,theme,writingskillorothers,itisinevitableforthemtotouchontheliteraturegeneofthisnovel—blackhumor.
ThispapermakesatentativestudyontherelationshipbetweenblackhumorandCatch-22.Fromtheperspectiveofblackhumor,theauthorofthispaperistryingtomakeadetailedanalysisonitsmaincharacter,theme,structureandlanguageaimstocomprehensivelydisplaythedeductionofblackhumorinCatch-22andletthereadershaveabetterunderstandingofthisnovel.
ChapterIIGeneralExplanationoftheBlackHumor
BlackhumoriscreditedtotheAnthologyofBlackHumor,a1939Frenchanthologyof45writerseditedbyAndreBreton.IntheUnitedStates,blackhumorasaliterarygenrecametoprominenceinthe1950sand1960s.Later,anEnglish-languageanthologyeditedbyBruceJayFriedman,titledBlackHumor,assemblesworksof12writersofthegenre.ItisoneofthemostrepresentativegenresintheAmericanliteraturein1960s.Forinstance,theworksofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.
Itwasusuallyusedinliterature,drama,andfilm,isakindofgrotesqueormorbidhumorretainingaserioustone.Thepurposeofblackhumoristoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.Forexample,StanleyKubrick'sfilmDr.StrangeloveorHowILearnedtoStopWorryingandLovetheBomb(1963)isaterrifyingcomictreatmentofthecircumstancessurroundingthedroppingofanatombomb,whileJulesFeiffer'scomedyLittleMurders(1965)isadelineationofthehorrorsofmodernurbanlife,focusingparticularlyonrandomassassinations.Popularthemesofthegenreincludemurder,suicide,war,barbarism,drugabuse,terminalillness,domesticviolence,insanity,nightmare,disease,racism,disability(bothphysicalandmental),chauvinism,corruption,andcrime.Besides,somecomediansuseitasatoolforexploringvulgarissues,thusprovokingdiscomfortandseriousthoughtaswellasamusementintheiraudience.
TheauthorofthispaperthinksthatblackhumorasoneoftheAmericanliteraturegenresmusthaveitsorigin.Lookingbackintothehistory,itisnotdifficulttofindthattherearetwoaspectsofreasonsfortheappearanceofblackhumor.Firstofall,thewartraumaandsocialdisturbancemakepeoplehaveaforebodingoftheendoftheworld.In1960s,theWWIIhasjustfinished,buttheeffectsofthewarlastedformanyyears.AllfactsinAmericandisclosedtheliesofso-calledjusticeandpatriotismresultinginshakingpeople’sbeliefinGod,humanitarianismandreason.Inaddition,thelopsideddevelopmentoftechnologycausedthelossofpersonality.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplewerestressedoutmateriallyandspiritually.Underthatcircumstance,blackhumorcameoutasanecessarymethodtoexpresspeople’sinnerfeelings.
ChapterIIIBriefIntroductiontoJosephHeller3.1Heller’sLife
JosephHeller(1923-1999)wasborninConeyIslandinBrooklyn,NewYorkonMay1,1923.HeisthesonofpoorJewishparentsfromRussia.Hediedofaheartattackattheageof76yearsoldathishomeinEastHampton,onLongIsland,inDecember1999.
Evenasachild,helovedtowrite;asateenager,hewroteastoryabouttheRussianinvasionofFinlandandsentittoNewYorkDailyNews,whichrejectedit.Hisworkswerefirstpublishedin1948,whentheAtlanticranoneofhisshortstories.Thatfirststorynearlywonthe“AtlanticFirst."In1953,hebegantowritehisCatch-22anditwaspublishedin1961.ShortlyafterCatch-22waspublished,Hellerthoughtofanideaforhisnextnovel,whichwouldbecomeSomethingHappened.Afterthat,hebecameaprofessionalwriterandkeptonwritinguntilthecompletionofhislastnovel,PortraitofanArtist,asanOldMan.
Realityisthesettingofliterature.Heller’slifeexperienceaffectedhiswritingcareer.HewasbornintoaJewishfamily.BecauseofracialpersecutioninRussia,hisfamilyimmigratedtoAmericain1913.Whenhewasyoung,hisfamilywasverypoor.In1942,attheageof19,hejoinedtheU.S.ArmyAirCorps.Twoyearslater,hewassenttoItalianFrontasabombardier.Yossarian,themaincharacterinCatch-22issimilartohiminmanyaspects.Afterthewar,HellerstudiedEnglishattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaandNewYorkUniversity.Duringthatperiod,hebegantowriteshortstories.Hewasoncesufferedfromgullian-barresyndrome.HisillnessandrecoveryarerecountedatgreatlengthintheautobiographicalNoLaughingMatter(Heller1986).In1998,hereleasedamemoir,NowandThen:
FromConeyIslandtoHere,inwhichherelivedhischildhoodasthesonofadeliverymanandofferedsomedetailsabouttheinspirationsforCatch-22.
3.2Heller’sWorksandWritingStyle
JosephHellerbeganhiswritingcareerastheauthorofshortstoriesbutwonimmediateacclaimwithCatch-22(1961;film,1970).Aprotestnovelunderscoredwithblackhumor,Catch-22satirizesthehorrorsofwarandthepowerofmodernsociety,especiallybureaucraticinstitutions,todestroythehumanspirit.Heller'ssecondnovel,SomethingHappened(1974),anexposeofthecapacityofthebusinessworldtocrushtheindividual,isapessimisticstatementabouttheeffectsofprosperityonthehumancondition.WeBombedinNewHaven,aplayproducedonBroadwayin1967,isatragicomedysimilarinthemeandmoodtoCatch-22.GoodasGold(1979)involvesahumorousportrayalofJewishfamilylifeandasatireofnationalpolitics,includingattacksonrealpeoplesuchasHenryKissinger.GodKnows(1984)isahumorousretellingandanalysisofthebiblicalaccountofKingDavid.AmonghislaterworksarethenovelsPoetics(1987)andPictureThis(1988)ClosingTime(1994)PortraitofanArtist,asanOldMan(2000).NoLaughingMatter(1986)isachronicleofHeller'srecoveryfromGuillain-Barresyndrome,whichcontainsalternatingchaptersbyHellerandhisgoodfriendSpeedVogel.ThebookrevealstheassistanceandcompanionshipHellerreceivedduringthisperiodfromanumberofhisprominentfriends—MelBrooks,MarioPuzo,DustinHoffmanandGeorgeMandelamongthem.
Heller'sworksarecharacterizedbyasatiricalsenseoftheabsurd,speakingoutagainstthemilitary-industrialcomplexandthoseorganizedinstitutionswhichseemtomanipulatepeople'slivesinthenameofreasonormorality.TheauthorofthispaperjusttakesHeller’sCatch-22andsomethingwrongasexamples.
InCatch-22,theauthordiscardedthetraditionalrealism,madewholeworkswithoutacompleteplotdevelopmentclue.Therewasnotaprominentcharacterimage.Instead,itisfullofchaos,noisy,crazyatmosphere.Buttheauthorsalsostresseda"seriousabsurd",describingthewholeAmericansocietyfromitsinternaldirty,corruption,andfall,especiallythosebureaucrats.JosephHeller’ssecondnovel,SomethingWrong,writtenin1974,describedacompanystaff’smentalanguish.ItreflectsthepsychologicalstateofAmericanmiddleclass.SomethingWrongfocusedonwritingexternalforcescausingtheperson’soppressionandcorrosion.Catch-22mainlytoldthecharacters’innerspirituallife.Theauthorinthisnovelmadeuseofjokestoshowthattherewasreallysomethingwrongwiththesociety.Healsosatirizedtherealityandpoliticsthroughabsurdanddeformingdescription.
3.3Heller’sCatch-223.3.1TheBackgroundofCatch-22
AfterWWII,Americaexperiencedaperiodofunprecedentedeconomicboom.In1950s,Americabecamethebigbrotherofthecapitalismworld.TheColdWarbrokeoutbetweenAmericaandSovietUnion.WiththestrongerofSovietUnion,manyAmericanbeganbeafraidofcommunism.TheythoughtthatthelivesofAmericanwouldbeindanger.TherepublicanfromWisconsinJosephRMcCarthyspeakoutthefearoftheAmerican.McCarthyismmadetheyoungberesentfulandlimitedthedevelopmentofliterature.Besides,exhaustingallresourcestobuildupAmericanmilitarypowerarousedtheanti-warsentiment.Undersuchpoliticalcircumstances,Catch-22cameouttoexpresstheauthor’sfeelingtoachaoticAmerica.
Atthebeginningof20th-century,thefamousnewhumanismcriticMorefo
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