企业员工激励案例研究-毕业论文外文文献翻译文档格式.docx
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企业员工激励案例研究-毕业论文外文文献翻译文档格式.docx
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EMPLOYEEMOTIVATIONINTHECOMPANY.STUDYCASE
Afirm’sperformanceisinadirectlinkwiththeresourcesitinvolves,namelymaterial,financialandhumanresources.Ifinthecaseofthematerialandfinancialresourcesthediagnosisandimprovementprocessesarerelativelysimple,thehumanresourcesimplymorecomplexissues.Thefirstconditionforafirmtoobtainperformance(intermsofhumanresources)isrecruitingstaffwithappropriatequalifications.Butconformingtothiscriteriondoesnotleadautomaticallytotheeliminationofhumanresourcesissues.Currently,thevastmajorityoffirmsemployqualifiedpersonnelwithexperienceinthefield,yetmanyofthemrecordaninadequateperformanceinhumanresources.Thisisduetostaffmotivation.Inadditiontoemployingqualifiedpersonnelwithexperienceitisnecessarythatitbemotivatedadequately.Butmotivationcanbeachievedthroughavarietyofforms,salarybonusesandbenefitssuchascellphones,cars,productsatpromotionalprices,programflexibilityandmore,allhavingadifferentimpact.
This article explores the effectiveness of various manifestations of
motivation,tryingtodetermineitsoptimumstructure.Forthispurposeananalysiswasmadeofafirmthatobtainedasignificantimprovementinperformance,whilemaintainingmaterialandfinancialresourcesconstant.Thecompanyappliesmanywaystomotivatestaff,soitwaspossibletoanalyzetheimpactofeachone.Followingthisanalysisanindicativehierarchyofmotivationalmethodswascreated.Theresultsofthisstudycanbeusedandadaptedinanycompaniesthatwanttoimprovethequalityoftheirhumanresources.
Keywords:
humanresources,motivationalmethods,personnel,motivation,motivationstructure
INTRODUCTION
Motivationisdefinedastheactionoforientingonesbehaviortoaspecificgoal.Therearealotoftheoriesthattrytoexplain,howandwhymotivationfunctionasisdoes.Thesimplestexplicationofhowmotivationfunctionsis“theneedtominimizephysicalpainandmaximizepleasure”,therearealotofneedsthatmayactasamotivator(e.g.eating,resting,oradesiredobject,hobby,goal,stateofbeing,ideal).Othertheoriesattributemotivationtoless-apparentreasonssuchasaltruism,selfishness,morality,oravoidingmortality.(SeligmanM,1995)
INCENTIVETHEORY
Thistheoryisoneoftheoldest,anditstatesthatpresentingareward(tangibleorintangible)aftertheoccurrenceofacertainactionwillcausethebehaviortooccuragain.Thetheoryisbasedonthefactthatthesubjectsmindwillassociateapositivemeaningtothebehavior.(MaslowA.,1970).
Thetimepassedsincetheoccurrenceoftheactionandthemomentwhenthesubjectispresentedwiththerewardisalsoveryimportant,ithasbeenshownthatforshotperiodstheimpactisgreaterthanforlongerones.Ifthiscycleofaction–rewardisrepeateditispossibletoconvertthatactionintoahabit.(Goldthorpe,J.H.andothers,1968)
Thistheorydepictsmotivationasaverysimpleprocess,butinrealitytherearealotoffactorsthatinfluenceit.Therearealotofmotivationaltechniquesanditishardtodecidewhichoneistheoptimumforagivensituation.(KerrS.,1995)
EMPLOYEEMOTIVATION
Oneofthemostimportantusesofmotivationisinacompany.Organizationsemployworkerstoperformcertaintasks;
theseworkersneedtobemotivatedinordertoperformtheirtaskswithmaximumproductivity.Thetraditionalmotivatorforaworkerishissalary,butinmanycasesthatisn`tenough.Companiesusealotinnovatingtacticstokeeptheirproductivityatamaximumlevel.Someofthemimplymaterialrewards,othersimplypsychologicalmotivators.(Weightman,J.,2008)
Analyzingfromtheperspectiveofthemotivationalfactorwecanspeakoftwotypesofmotivation:
•Intrinsicmotivationisgeneratedbyafactorthatcomesfromwithinthesubject(beliefs,feelingthatwhathedoesisimportant,modality,theperspectiveoflearningsomethingnew).
•Extrinsicmotivationisgeneratedbyafactorthatcomesfromtheexterior(e.g.salary,materialrewards,goodreviews).(Lepper,M.R.andothers,1973)
AveryimportanttheoryinthefieldofmotivationisMaslow`spyramid.InhisworkMaslowhascreatedahierarchyofneedsfeltbyanindividual(MaslowA.,1970).AtthebaseofhispyramidMaslowputphysiologicalneeds;
foranindividualfoundundertheirconstraintmoneyisaperfectmotivator.ButaftertheseneedaresatisfiedtheindividualwilladvanceonMaslow`shierarchyandhisneedswillchange,thisimpliesthefactthatthemotivatorwillchangeaswell(Goldthorpe,J.H.andothers1968).AthigherlevelsofMaslow`spyramid,areplacedneedsthataresatisfiedwithpraise,respect,recognitionandempowerment,moneyhavingasmallimpact.(Steinmetz,L.,1983).
EXPERIMENTS
Giventheextremelyimportantfunctionsplayedbymotivationanditscomplexity,overtimetherehavebeenalotofresearchesandexperiments.OneoftheseexperimentswasmadebySamGluxberg.Gruxbergdeterminedfromthisexperimentthatextrinsicmotivations(suchasmaterialrewards),putpressureonindividuals,havingnegativeeffectsoncreativity.Fortaskswhosesolutionisobviousextrinsicmotivationsareworkingastheyshouldincreasingperformance,butfortaskswhosesolutionismorecomplex,extrinsicmotivationbackfires,havingnegativeeffectsonperformance.
GivenGluxbergconclusionsin2005ateamofresearchersfromMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,ledbyD.Arilyconductedasimilarexperiment.TheMITresearchersconclusionsweresimilar.Someresearcherssuggestedmovingtheexperimenttoanothercountry,wherethestandardoflivingwouldbelower,thissuggestionbeingmadeonthebasisthattheU.S.standardoflivingisquitehighandextrinsicmotivations(suchasmaterialrewards)havelostsomeoftheireffect.AsaresultasetofresearchwasconductedinIndia,acountrywithalowlivingstandard
andasumofmoneywhichisirrelevanttoanAmerican,issignificantforanIndian.InIndiatheresultsoftheexperimentwereidenticaltothoseintheU.S..Thereforeitisnotaquestionoflivingstandards.Theconclusionofthetwoexperimentsisthatifthetaskiscomplexthemotivationusesmustbeintrinsic(withintheemployee)andifthetaskissimplethemotivationusesmustbeextrinsic.Butthisconclusionislackingapplicability.Itishardtobelievethatanemployeeoperatingonlyonintrinsicmotivationwillperformtasksintheinterestoacompanyforaperiodoftime.InordertoprovethispointofviewwetakealookatMalov`stheory.
AccordingtoMaslow'
spyramidindividualswillbemotivatedinthefirstphaseofbasicneeds(needssuchasfood,clothing,security),thoseonthefirsttwolevelsofhispyramid.Onlyafterthesetwoneedswillbesatisfiedtheycanadvance.Inanattempttomeetthesetwobasicneeds,individualswillbeattractedtoextrinsicmotivations.Later,aftersatisfyingthefirsttwolevels,theywilladvance.Onlyinthissecondphasetheywillpresentagreateropennesstointrinsicmotivation.Itisworthmentioningthatinthissecondphasetheywillhavetomaintainthefirsttwoneedsatanoptimumlevelofsatisfaction,thereforetheywillmaintainacertainsensibilitytoextrinsicmotivation(MaslowA.,1970).Gluxbergusedintheexperimentsubjects,
whomostlikelyhadpastthefirstthreelevelsofthepyramid,thereforetheywerenotaffectedbystrongconstraintssuchaslackoffoodorsecurity.
Ifweweretosuperposethetwotheories,thatofMaslowandGluxbergwegetamorecomplexscenario,whichwouldbemorerealistic.Individualsinthefirstphasewillbeverysensitivetoextrinsicmotivations,oncetheseneedsonthefirstlevelofMaslow'
spyramidaremet,theirsensitivitywillchangetointrinsicmotivation(thissensitivitywillvaryindirectproportiontothelevelattainedinthehierarchicalpyramid).Butafterthisshift,thesensitivityforintrinsicmotivationwillvarydependingonthecomplexityoftasksindividualshavetoperform.Agraphicalrepresentationisdepictedingraph1andgraph2.
Also,anemployeecancarryoutactivitieswithamediumorhighlevelofcreativityonlywhenhisneedsarelocatedatleastatthethirdlevel(orhigher)onMaslow'
spyramid.Inthemotivationprocessitisveryimportanttotakeintoaccountthespecificworkundertaken.Employeesareextrinsicallymotivated(rewards)andforthosecarryingoutacomplextaskwhichrequirescognitiveandcreativefunctions
itisrecommendedtheuseofintrinsicmotivation,extrinsicshowingmultiplelimitations.Gluxberg'
sconclusionisabitnaiveandinappropriateapplication(forcognitiveandcreativeactivitiestorelatetointrinsicmotivation,extrinsiconeshavinganegativeeffect),butcombinedwithMaslow'
stheory,ittakesonanewdimensionthatcanhavegreatpracticalutility.
STUDYCASE
Todemonstratethefunctionalityoftheaboveprinciples,weconductedastudyonacompanywith60employees.Wechoseacompanythathastwodivisions:
automotiveservice(35staff)andanautosales(25employees),thechoicewasbasedontheconsiderationthattheservicedivisionperformstasksdoesnotrequiremuchcognitiveandcreativefunctions(vehiclediagnosesbeingprovidedbyacomputer,otheroperationsbeingdescribedbythevehicleservicemanual),andthesalesunitwitchperformoppositetask,theymustbeverycreativeindirectmarketing,addressingcustomerssoastopersuadethemtooptforproductsdistributedbythecompany.Anotherconsiderationonwhichthiscompanywaschosenistheformsofmotivationapplied.Intable1theseformsofmotivation
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