二手物品交易网站外文文献翻译中英文Word文件下载.docx
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二手物品交易网站外文文献翻译中英文Word文件下载.docx
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ttel-Mink2,LorenzErdmann,Christine
Henseling.ContributionofOnlineTradingofUsedGoodstoResourceEfficiency:
AnEmpiricalStudyofeBayUsers[J].Sustainability,2010,2:
10-30.
英文原文
ContributionofOnlineTradingofUsedGoodstoResourceEfficiency:
AnEmpiricalStudyofeBayUsers
JensClausen,BirgitBlä
ttel-Mink,LorenzErdmannandChristineHenseling
Abstract
Thispaperdiscussesthesustainabilityimpact(contributiontosustainability,reductionofadverseenvironmentalimpacts)ofonlinesecond-handtrading.AsurveyofeBayusersshowsthatarelationshipbetweenthetradingofusedgoodsandtheprotectionofnaturalresourcesishardlyrealized.Secondly,theenvironmentalmotivationandthewillingnesstoactinasustainablemannerdifferwidelybetweengroupsofconsumers.Giventheseresultsfromauserperspective,thepapertriestofindsomeobjectivehintsofonlinesecond-handtrading’senvironmentalimpact.Thegreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromtheenergyusedforthetradingtransactionsseemtobeconsiderablylowerthantheemissionsduetothe(avoided)productionofnewgoods.Thepaperconcludeswithasetofrecommendationsforsecond-handtradeand
consumerpolicy.Informationaboutthesustainabilitybenefitsofpurchasingsecond-handgoodsshouldbeincludedingeneralconsumerinformation,andargumentsforchangesinbehaviorshouldbetargetedtodifferentgroupsofconsumers.
Keywords:
onlinemarketplaces;
onlineauctions;
consumer;
electroniccommerce;
usedproducts;
second-handmarket;
sustainableconsumption
1.Introduction
Onlineauctionandtradingplatformsareincreasingtheopportunitiesforsustainableconsumption.Thepotentialofonlinebasedsecond-handtradinglieslargelyintheopportunitytoextendthelifespanofproducts,therebyavoidingadditionalenvironmentalstressesduetothepurchaseofnewgoods.Todate,privatehouseholdsoftenfailedtoexploitthepotentialsforreusingproductsbecauseofhightransactioncosts.Tradeinsecond-handgoodsremainedlimitedtoregionalmarkets.Thesebarriersfrequentlypreventedlocalandregionalusedgoodsmarketsfromattainingcriticalmassandbecomingattractiveforbothbuyersandsellers.Inrecentyears,however,rapidlyincreasinguseoftheInternetandtradingplatforms,suchaseBay,havefundamentallytransformedtheunderlyingconditionsofsuchmarkets.
Onlinemarketshavenotonlysignificantlyincreasedthenumbersofmarketparticipants;
theyhavealsochangedtherolestraditionallyassignedtoconsumersandproducers.Exchangesites,auctionplatforms
andotherInternet-basedtradingmodelswhereusersarenotmerelybuyers,butatthesametime,alsoactivesellersofproductsorservices,haveshiftedtheroleofconsumers.
Againstthisbackground,thisarticleexaminesconsumptionprocessesusingtheexampleofeBay,theworld’slargestonlinetradingplatformforusedgoods,byfocusingonthefollowingquestion:
Whichsustainabilitypotentialsareconnectedwiththeelectronictradingofusedgoods,andhowcanthesepotentialsbeexploited?
Thisquestionliesinthecenteroftheresearchproject“FromConsumertoProsumer—Developmentofnewtradingmechanismsandauctionculturestopromotesustainableconsumption.”Theprojectisintentionallylinkedwithvariousstreamsofresearchandinsights,especiallyconcerningtheintensificationofuse,lifestyleresearch,andlife-cycleassessment,inthefieldsofinformationtechnologyandtelecommunications,andintegratesthemfromtheperspectiveoftheresearchguidingquestion.
Aftergivinganoverviewofthescientificworkonenvironmentalattitudesandbehaviorinthecontextofinternetbasedusedgoodstrading,andanempiricallookoninternetusageinChapter2,theempiricalresultsofanonlinesurveyononlinetradingandsustainabilityarepresentedinChapter3.Chapter4drawsconclusionsfromtheempiricalstudyandChapter5focusesontheecologicalassessmentofusedgoodstrading.Thepaperconcludeswithsomeremarksontheconsequencesofsecond-
handtrade,onlineplatforms,andconsumerpolicy.
2.Internet-BasedUsedGoodsTradingfromaSubjectivePerspectiveSustainability researchers in the social sciences assume that
environmentally-orientedbehaviorissupportedtoanon-negligibledegreebypositiveattitudestowardtheenvironmentandbyknowledgeabouttheenvironment[1-7].Timeandagain,however,representativesurveysofthepopulationprovideevidenceforadiscrepancybetweenconcernaboutincreasingenvironmentaldevastationanditsconsequences,aswellasknowledgeabouttheenvironmentontheonehand,andenvironmentalbehaviorthatisinlinewithsuchknowledgeontheother.Itispossibletoidentifygroupsofindividualswhodisplayenvironmentally-friendlybehavior,butnotthecorrespondingattitudestowardtheenvironment(e.g.,oldersinglewomen),justastherearegroupsofindividualswhodisplayahighdegreeofecologicalawareness,butwhosebehaviorisnonethelessnotconsistentlyenvironmentallyoriented(e.g.,familieswhoseenvironmentally-friendlybehaviorisorganizedtothehilt,butwhostilldriveafamilycar).Threebundlesofcharacteristicsthatinfluencethesustainabilityofstylesofconsumptionhaveemergedintheresearch[8]:
thehousehold’ssocialsituation(socio-demographiccharacteristicsandtimeresources),consumerpreferences(subjectivepreferencesrelatingtotheselectionofproductsandbehaviors),andactualconsumptionbehavior.Socio-demographic
characteristicsthatsubstantiallyinfluencedifferencesintermsofsustainableconsumptionpatternsincludeage,educationallevel,gender,maritalstatus,andincome,withwomen,welleducatedpeople,andparentsstrivingforconsistencyofattitudesandbehavior.
GrunenbergandKuckartz[1]wereabletoidentifythegrouptheycalledthe“environmentallycommitted”intheirstudy,whichwasrepresentativeforGermany.“[Agroup]thattakesenvironmentalproblemsmoreseriouslyandisactivelycommittedtosolvingthem.Entirelyconsistentpro-environmentbehaviorisnotdemandedofthisgroup;
thatwouldrequire,forexample,thattheseindividualswouldnotjusteatexclusivelyorganically-grownfood,butwouldalsoselltheircarsandtakebicyclingvacations.”(Grunenberg/Kuckartz,p.204[1]).Thefollowingindicatorswereusedtodefinethegroupofenvironmentally-committedindividuals:
membershipinanorganizationpromotingconservationorenvironmentalprotection;
donationtosuchanorganizationinthepreviousyear;
familiaritywiththeterm“sustainabledevelopment;
”highwillingnesstopayforimprovedenvironmentalprotection;
frequentingofinformationaboutenvironmentalproblemsfromspecialistperiodicals;
environmentalmentalitytype1(motto:
“Bearolemodelwhenitcomestoenvironmentalprotection!
”);
declaredsharedresponsibilityforenvironmentalprotection(statement:
“Itisn’tdifficultforanindividualpersontodosomethingfortheenvironment!
”)
(Grunenberg/Kuckartz,p.204[1]).Membersofthisgroupareofteninthefamilialphaseoflife,havearelativelyhighlevelofeducation,oftenliveinmajorcitiesorsmallcommunities,seldominmedium-sizedtownsorvillages,tendtocomefromWestGermany,asarulehaveahigherprofessionalposition(seniorstaff,upper-middle-levelorupper-levelcivilservants,theprofessions),haveamediumtohigh,butnotveryhighincome,andtendtoliveinquietneighborhoodsinsingle-ortwo-familyhouses.Regardingtheirpoliticalpreferences,theauthorsascertainedamorepronouncedinterestinpoliticsingeneral,andaclearfocusonpost-materialistvalues.
Astotradinginusedgoodsasaspecificareaofconsumption,astudyofWestBerlinshowedthatbuyingandsellingusedgoodsislinkedfairlyrarelytoecologicalmotives[9].Pragmaticreasonsforsellingusedgoodsarementionedmorefrequently,forinstance“makingroom”or“gettingridofitemswenolongerneed.”Incontrast,whenpurchasingusedgoods,financialmotivesaremoreimportant.Theproportionofmenwhobuyandsellusedgoodsissomewhathigherthanthatofwomen.Theaverageageis36.Morethantwo-thirdsofthoseofferinggoodsonthesecond-handmarkethaveajob.Housewivesandstudentscomprise10%ofsellerseach,theunemployedandpensionersabout5%each.Thesellersoftenliveinmulti-personhouseholds,andlivelesscommonlyalone.Amongthebuyersofsecond-handgoods,29.4%areinthe19-to
25-yearagegroupand35.7%areinthe26-to35-yeargroup.Mostpeoplehaveajob(61%),andstudentsform15%ofthebuyers,whichissubstantiallyhigherthantheirproportionofthesellers.Educationallevelsareabove-averageamongbuyers,too,asistheproportionofindividualslivinginmulti-personhouseholds.
3.OnlineTradingandSustainability—EmpiricalResults
TakingtheexampleofeBay,theabovementionedrelationshipsweremorecloselylookedatwithanonlinesurveythatwascarriedoutbytheauthorsinNovember,2008.ThesurveywasintendedtogaininsightintoeBayusers’consumptionpatterns,theirattitudes,andtheirwaysofdealingwithusedproductsoneBay.ThesurveywasdirectedtoprivateeBayuserswhousethesite,bothforbuyingandselling,andwhocarriedoutatleastonetransactionduringthepreceding12months.Intotal,2,511validquestionnaireswereanalyzed.IncontrasttoGermany’stotalpopulation,moremen(57.1%)thanwomenresponded,morepersonswholivewiththeirpartners(73.4%),andmorepeoplelivinginhouseholdsofthreeormore(52.4%).Thesamplealsodisplaysarelativelyhigheducational(49.4%levelA)andemploymentstatus(49.2%workingfulltime),andthere
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