双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary.docx
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双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary.docx
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双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary
双语物理词汇英语解释A–D
A
Absolutezero
Thelowesttheoreticaltemperatureamaterialcanhave,wherethemoleculesthatmakeupthematerialhavenokineticenergy.Absolutezeroisreachedat0Kor–273ºC.
Acceleration
Avectorquantitydefinedastherateofchangeofthevelocityvectorwithtime.
Activity
Inradioactivesubstances,thenumberofnucleithatdecaypersecond.Activity,A,willbelargerinlargesamplesofradioactivematerial,sincetherewillbemorenuclei.
Alphadecay
Aformofradioactivedecaywhereaheavyelementemitsanalphaparticleandsomeenergy,thustransformingintoalighter,morestable,element.
Alphaparticle
Aparticle,
whichconsistsoftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.Itisidenticaltothenucleusofaheliumatomandisejectedbyheavyparticlesundergoingalphadecay.
Amplitude
Inreferencetooscillation,amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementoftheoscillatorfromitsequilibriumposition.Amplitudetellshowfaranoscillatorisswingingbackandforth.Inperiodicmotion,amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementineachcycleofasysteminperiodicmotion.Theprecisedefinitionofamplitudedependsontheparticularsituation:
inthecaseofastretchedstringitwouldbemeasuredinmeters,whereasforsoundwavesitwouldbemeasuredinunitsofpressure.
Angleofincidence
Whenalightraystrikesasurface,theangleofincidenceistheanglebetweentheincidentrayandthenormal.
Angleofreflection
Theanglebetweenareflectedrayandthenormal.
Angleofrefraction
Theanglebetweenarefractedrayandthelinenormaltothesurface.
Angularacceleration
Avectorquantity,
equaltotherateofchangeoftheangularvelocityvectorwithtime.Itistypicallygiveninunitsofrad/s2.
Angulardisplacement
Thenetchange,
inapoint’sangularposition,
.Itisascalarquantity.
Angularfrequency
Afrequency,f,definedasthenumberofrevolutionsarigidbodymakesinagiventimeinterval.ItisascalarquantitycommonlydenotedinunitsofHertz(Hz)ors–1.
Angularmomentum
Avectorquantity,L,thatistherotationalanalogueoflinearmomentum.Forasingleparticle,theangularmomentumisthecrossproductoftheparticle’sdisplacementfromtheaxisofrotationandtheparticle’slinearmomentum,
.Forarigidbody,theangularmomentumisaproductoftheobject’smomentofinertia,I,anditsangularvelocity,
.
Angularperiod
Thetime,T,requiredforarigidbodytocompleteonerevolution.
Angularposition
Theposition,
ofanobjectaccordingtoaco-ordinatesystemmeasuredinsoftheangleoftheobjectfromacertainoriginaxis.Conventionally,thisoriginaxisisthepositivex-axis.
Angularvelocity
Avectorquantity,
thatreflectsthechangeofangulardisplacementwithtime,andistypicallygiveninunitsofrad/s.Tofindthedirectionoftheangularvelocityvector,takeyourrighthandandcurlyourfingersalongtheparticleorbody’sdirectionofrotation.Yourthumbthenpointsinthedirectionofthebody’sangularvelocity.
Antinode
Thepointsmidwaybetweennodesonastandingwave,wheretheoscillationsarelargest.
Atom
Thebuildingblocksofallmatter,atomsaremadeupofanucleusconsistingofprotonsandneutrons,andanumberofelectronsthatorbitthenucleus.Anelectricallyneutralatomhasasmanyprotonsasithaselectrons.
Atomicnumber
Anumber,Z,associatedwiththenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.Everyelementcanbedefinedinsofitsatomicnumber,sinceeveryatomofagivenelementhasthesamenumberofprotons.
Axisofrotation
Thelinethateveryparticleintherotatingrigidbodycirclesabout.
B
Basisvector
Avectorofmagnitude1alongoneofthecoordinateaxes.Generally,wetakethebasisvectorstobe
and
thevectorsoflength1alongthex-andy-axes,respectively.
Beats
Whentwowavesofslightlydifferentfrequenciesinterferewithoneanother,theyproducea“beating”interferencepatternthatalternatesbetweenconstructive(in-phase)anddestructive(out-of-phase).Inthecaseofsoundwaves,thissortofinterferencemakesa“wa-wa-wa”sound,andthefrequencyofthebeatsisequaltothedifferenceinthefrequenciesofthetwointerferingwaves.
Betadecay
Aformofradioactivedecaywhereaheavyelementejectsabetaparticleandaneutrino,becomingalighterelementintheprocess.
Betaparticle
Aparticle,
identicaltoanelectron.Betaparticlesareejectedfromanatomintheprocessofbetadecay.
Bohratomicmodel
Amodelfortheatomdevelopedin1913byNielsBohr.Accordingtothismodel,theelectronsorbitinganucleuscanonlyorbitatcertainparticularradii.Excitedelectronsmayjumptoamoredistantradiiandthenreturntotheirgroundstate,emittingaphotonintheprocess.
Boilingpoint
Thetemperatureatwhichamaterialwillchangephasefromliquidtogasorgastoliquid.
Boyle’sLaw
Foragasheldataconstanttemperature,pressureandvolumeareinverselyproportional.
C
Calorie
TheamountofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureofonegramofwaterbyonedegreeCelsius.1cal=4.19J.
Celsius
Ascaleformeasuringtemperature,definedsuchthatwaterfreezesat0ºCandboilsat100ºC.0ºC=273K.
Centerofcurvature
Withsphericalmirrors,thecenterofthesphereofwhichthemirrorisapart.Allofthenormalspassthroughit.
Centerofmass
Giventhetrajectoryofanobjectorsystem,thecenterofmassisthepointthathasthesameaccelerationastheobjectorsystemasawholewouldhaveifitsmasswereconcentratedatthatpoint.Intermsofforce,thecenterofmassisthepointatwhichagivennetforceactingonasystemwillproducethesameaccelerationasifthesystem’smasswereconcentratedatthatpoint.
Centripetalacceleration
Theaccelerationofabodyexperiencinguniformcircularmotion.Thisaccelerationisalwaysdirectedtowardthecenterofthecircle.
Centripetalforce
Theforcenecessarytomaintainabodyinuniformcircularmotion.Thisforceisalwaysdirectedradiallytowardthecenterofthecircle.
Chainreaction
Theparticlesandenergyreleasedbythefissionorfusionofoneatommaytriggerthefissionorfusionoffurtheratoms.Inachainreaction,fissionorfusionisrapidlytransferredtoalargenumberofatoms,releasingtremendousamountsofenergy.
Charles’sLaw
Foragasheldatconstantpressure,temperatureandvolumearedirectlyproportional.
Coefficientofkineticfriction
Thecoefficientofkineticfriction,
fortwomaterialsistheconstantofproportionalitybetweenthenormalforceandtheforceofkineticfriction.Itisalwaysanumberbetweenzeroandone.
Coefficientoflinearexpansion
Acoefficientthattellshowmuchamaterialwillexpandorcontractlengthwisewhenitisheatedorcooled.
Coefficientofstaticfriction
Thecoefficientofstaticfriction,
fortwomaterialsistheconstantofproportionalitybetweenthenormalforceandthemaximumforceofstaticfriction.Itisalwaysanumberbetweenzeroandone.
Coefficientofvolumeexpansion
Acoefficientthattellshowmuchthevolumeofasolidwillchangewhenitisheatedorcooled.
Coherentlight
Lightsuchthatalloftheassociatedwaveshavethesamewavelengthandareinphase.
Collision
Whenobjectscollide,eachobjectfeelsaforceforashortamountoftime.Thisforceimpartsanimpulse,orchangesthemomentumofeachofthecollidingobjects.Themomentumofasystemisconservedinallkindsofcollisions.Kineticenergyisconservedinelasticcollisions,butnotininelasticcollisions.Inaperfectlyinelasticcollision,thecollidingobjectssticktogetheraftertheycollide.
Completelyinelasticcollision
Acollisioninwhichthecollidingparticlessticktogether.
Component
Anyvectorcanbeexpressedasthesumoftwomutuallyperpendicularcomponentvectors.Usually,butnotalways,thesecomponentsaremultiplesofthebasisvectors,
and
;thatis,vectorsalongthex-axisandy-axis.Wedefinethesetwovectorsasthex-andy-componentsofthevector.
Compression
Anareaofhighairpressurethatactsasthewavecrestforsoundwaves.Thespacingbetweensuccessivecompressionsisthewavelengthofsound,andthenumberofsuccessiveareasofcompressionthatarriveattheearpersecondisthefrequency,orpitch,ofthesound.
Concavelens
Alsocalledadiverginglens,alensthatisthinnerinthemiddlethanattheedges.Concavelensesrefractlightawayfromafocalpoint.
Concavemirror
Amirrorthatiscurvedsuchthatitscenterisfartherfromtheviewerthantheedges,suchasthefrontofaspoon.Concavemirrorsreflectlightthroughafocalpoint.
Conduction
Heattransferbymolecularcollisions.
ConservationofAngularMomentum
Ifthenettorqueactingonarigidbodyiszero,thentheangularmomentumofthebodyisconstantorconserved.
Conservationofmomentum
Theprinciplestatingthatforanyisolatedsystem,linearmomentumisconstantwithtime.
Constantofproportionality
Aconstantinthenumeratorofaformula.
Constructiveinterference
Theamplificationofonewavebyanother,identicalwaveofthesamesign.Twoconstructivelyinterferingwavesaresaidtobe“inphase.”
Convection
Heattransferviathemassmovementofmolecules.
Convexlens
Alsocalledaconverginglens,alensthatisthickerinthemiddlethanattheedges.Convexlensesrefractlightthroughafocalpoint.
Convexmirror
Amirrorthatiscurvedsuchthatitscenterisclosertotheviewerthantheedges,suchasadoorknob.Convexmirrorsreflectlightawayfromafocalpoint.
Cosine
Thecosineofanangleinarighttriangl
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