痛苦与觉醒 对《宠儿》的生态女性主义解读.docx
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痛苦与觉醒 对《宠儿》的生态女性主义解读.docx
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痛苦与觉醒对《宠儿》的生态女性主义解读
学号:
NORTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY
毕业论文
GRADUATETHESIS
论文题目:
痛苦与觉醒
——对《宠儿》的生态女性主义解读
学生姓名:
专业班级:
11英语2班
学院:
外国语学院
指导教师:
2014年05月21日
SufferingandAwakening——EcofeministInterpretationofBeloved
By
Agraduatethesis
submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements
forthedegreeofBachelorofArtstothe
CollegeofForeignLanguages
SouthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology
May21st,2014
摘要
《宠儿》完成于1987年,1988年即获得美国普利策小说奖,是美国20世纪60年代末著名的黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的作品。
这部小说取自发生在马格利特·加纳身上的一个真实事件:
她和主人公塞丝一样,从肯塔基州的奴隶制度的魔爪下逃出来,当猎奴者循踪追至俄亥俄州将要逮住她时,她杀死了自己的孩子。
在这部作品中,莫里森把黑人女性寻求自我的历程和重构黑人民族意识的进程紧密相连,同时融合与女性有相同特点的生态自然,使之形成交互共进的发展趋势。
当今社会,随着女性地位的日趋提高和生态自然的倍增关注,生态女性主义思想也越来越频繁地被用来重新解读各种文学作品,其作为一股新生文化思想对现代文学研究具有广泛而深刻的影响。
本文旨在《宠儿》进行生态主义女性分析,帮助读者更好的理解这篇小说,也帮助人们更好的了解生态女性主义,同时进一步补充对《宠儿》的学习和研究。
论文正文由五个章节组成。
第一章引言部分,首先对莫里森的生平经历及其文学作品进行简略的介绍,同时简要地说明小说《宠儿》的故事梗概;第二章回顾国内外对《宠儿》的研究现状,并提出本论文的创新点和写作意义;第三章阐述作品中三个典型女性所遭受的痛苦;第四章解析三位女性意识觉醒的过程;第五章结论部分,进一步强调重新理解人与自然关系的必要性,揭示男性与女性,人类与自然的平等相处,才能一切趋于和谐。
关键词宠儿;生态女性主义;自然;社区;痛苦;觉醒
ABSTRACT
Beloved,accomplishedin1987andwhoseauthorisToniMorrison,thefamousAfro-Americanwomanwriterinthelate20thcentury,wonthePulitzerPrizein1988.
MorrisonborrowedtheeventfromtherealstoryofMargaretGarner,who,likeSethe,escapedfromslaveryinKentuckyandmurderedherchildwhenslavemasterscaughtupwithherinOhio.Inthisnovel,Morrisoncloselylinkedjourneyofblackwomensearchingfortheselfandhistoryoftheblackreconstructingtheirnationalconsciousnessandmixednaturein,whichissimilarwithfemaletoacertainextent,toformtheinteractivedevelopmenttrend.Intoday'ssociety,withthemoreimportanceofwomenandnature,ecofeminismisincreasinglyusedtoreinterpretatesomeliteraryworks.It,asanewculturalstream,hasextensiveandprofoundinfluenceontheresearchofmodernliterature.
ThepaperisaimedtoanalyzeBelovedfromtheecofeminstperspective,tohelpreadersunderstandtheecofeminismbetter,atthesametime,tofurtheraddthestudyofBeloved.
Thethesisconsistsoffivechapters.ChapteroneistheintroductionwhichbrieflyintroducestheprofileoftheauthorTonyMorrison,andthecontentofthenovelBeloved;ChapterTworeviewsthedomesticandforeignresearchofthisnovel,thenintroducestheinnovationandsignificanceofthethesis;Chapterthreeanalysesthesufferingsofthethreetypicalwomeninthenovel;chapterfourexpoundstheprocessoftheirawakeninginthenovel;Chapterfiveisasublimationofthemeaningandtheme,furtherstressesthenecessaryofreconsideringtherelationofhumanandnature,andfinallypointsoutthatonlyifwenandwomen,humanandnaturearetobeequality,thentheworldistobeinharmony.
KeywordsBeloved;ecofeminism;nature;community;suffering;awakening
CONTENTS
摘要I
ABSTRACTII
Chapter1Introduction1
1.1ToniMorrison'sLifeandInfluencedbyEco-Feminism1
1.2TheBackgroundoftheNovelBeloved2
1.3ABriefIntroductionoftheNovelBeloved2
Chapter2LiteratureReview5
2.1PreviousStudiesonBeloved5
2.1.1ResearchesonBelovedabroad5
2.1.2ResearchesonBelovedatHome6
2.2EcologicalFeminism6
2.3TheSignificanceandStructureoftheThesis8
Chapter3SufferingsWomenBorninBeloved9
3.1theSufferingsofBabySuggs9
3.2theSufferingsofSethe10
3.3theSufferingsofDonver12
Chapter4AwakeningProcessofWomeninBeloved13
4.1theAwakeningofBabySuggs13
4.2theAwakeningofSethe14
4.3theAwakeningofDonver15
BIBLIOGRAPHY17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS19
Chapter1Introduction
Morrisononcesaidthatshewantedtohelpcreateacanonofblackwork,notingthatblackwriterstoooftenhavetopandertoawhiteaudiencewhentheyshouldbeabletoconcentrateonthebusinessofwritinginstead.ThischaptermainlyintroduceToniMorrisonandthenovelBeloved.
1.1ToniMorrison'sLifeandInfluencedbyEco-Feminism
ToniMorrisonwasbornChloeAnthonyWoffordin1931andspentherchildhoodandyouthtimeinOhio.ShereceivedanundergraduatedegreeinEnglishfromHowardUniversityandcompletedamaster'sprogramatCornell.In1958,shemarriedHaroldMorrison,anarchitectfromJamaica,andtheyhadtwosonsbutdivorcedsixyearslater.AfterpursuinganacademiccareerteachingEnglishatHoward,MorrisonbecameaneditoratRandomHouse,whereshespecializedinblackfiction.Atthesametime,shebeganbuildingabodyofcreativeworks,suchasTheBluestEye(1970),Sula(1974),SongofSolomon(1977),TarBaby(1981),Jazz(1992),Paradise(1998)andsoon.In1993,shebecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanwomanwritertogettheNobelPrizeforLiteratureforherworkswithuniquedesign—makeanimportantaspectofUSArealityalivewithitsinsightfulandidyllicstories—ofwhich,Belovedwasconsideredbymanytobeherbestwork.Today,MorrisonistheRobertF.GoheenProfessorintheCouncilofHumanitiesatPrincetonUniversity,wheresheconductsundergraduateworkshopsincreativewriting.
TheworksofMorrisonareemotional,briefandpoetic,andarealsofamousforthekeenobservationofAmericanblacklifeinthenovel.Inherworks,Morrisonhasexploredtheexperienceofblackwomeninaracistculture.
ThesocietyMorrisonlivedisamainpartofdevelopingherecofeministidea.Accordingtothewritingfeaturesofherworks,wecandivideherwritingcareerintotwoperiod.Inherearlyworks,suchasTheBluestEye,Sula,shebitterlyanddefiantlypointouttheinjusticeofsexismandracism;whilewiththepublishedofSongofSolomon,shehasnotonlyconcernedwithspecificblackissues,butalsoreferredtotheanimalrights,vegetarianism,Apartheid,homosexualityandothersubjects.Forexample,inherlaternovelBeloved,shespeaksofthecloselinkbetweenrace,sexandnature,inwhich,Morrisonpresentsthesufferingsandmistreatmentofblackwomeninoldsocietyunderpatriarchysystem.Whatinvolvedinisnotonlyblacksinparticular,butallhumanityingeneral.Theenvironmentalmovementsandtheoriesinthe1970sand1980s,includingtheemergenceofeco-feminism,havegreatlyinfluencedMorrison'swritings.
1.2TheBackgroundoftheNovelBeloved
SetduringtheReconstructionerain1873,Belovedcentersonthepowersofmemoryandhistory.Fortheformerslavesinthenovel,thepastisaburdenthattheydesperatelyandwillfullytrytoforget.YetforSethe,theprotagonistofthenovel,memoriesofslaveryareinescapable.Theycontinuetohaunther,literally,inthespiritofherdeceaseddaughter.Eighteenyearsearlier,Sethehadmurderedthisdaughterinordertosaveherfromalifeofslavery.MorrisonborrowedtheeventfromtherealstoryofMargaretGarner,who,likeSethe,escapedfromslaveryinKentuckyandmurderedherchildwhenslaveownerscaughtupwithherinOhio.MorrisongottoknowthehistoricalmaterialwhencompilingTheBlackBook.In27th,January,1856,MargaretGarnerescapedfromKentuckytoOhiowithherfourchildren,husband,andparents.Soonaftertheysettledintheirrelative'shouse,theslaveownersGainesandMarshalltrackthere.Nohopeofescape,Margaretcutherdaughter'sthroatbywithaxe.Shewassupposedtokillallofthechildren,andfinallyherself.However,peoplearoundforcedtosubdueher.Afterthearrest,shewasverycalm,justkeptsaying:
"theycan'tlivelikethat,can't."
Theincidentoccurredintheabolitionistmovementvigorousdevelopmentperiod,soitcausedextensivepublicinterest.Localofficialsthendidnotgivethisdecision,butforatime,theaudiencetodiscusshowtogiveMargaretinfanticideconviction.Amonthlaterofthetrial,basedontheFederalFugitiveSlaveLawon1850,thecourtconvictedheroftheft,andherfamilyweresentbacktotheSouthState.
PartofMorrison'sprojectinBelovedistorecuperateahistorythathadbeenlosttotheravagesofforcedsilencesandwilledforgetfulness.MorrisonsuggestsintheBelovedthat,likeSethe,contemporaryAmericanreadersmustconfrontthehistoryofslaveryinordertoaddressitslegacy,whichmanifestsitselfinongoingracialdiscriminationanddiscord.
1.3ABriefIntroductionoftheNovelBeloved
Belovedbeginsin1873inCincinnati,Ohio,whereSethe,aformerslave,hasbeenlivingwithhereighteen-year-olddaughterDenver.Sethe'smother-in-law,BabySuggs,livedwiththemuntilherdeatheightyearsearlier.JustbeforeBabySuggs'sdeath,Sethe'stwosons,HowardandBuglar,ranaway.TheylivedatHouse124onBluestoneRoadwhereanabusiveghosthashauntedthereforyears.Oneday,PaulD,whomSethehasnotseensincetheyworkedtogetheronMr.Garner'sSweetHomeplantationinKentuckyapproximatelytwentyyearsearlier,stopsbySethe'shouse.HispresenceresurrectsmemoriesthathavelainburiedinSethe'smindforalmosttwodecades.Fromthispointon,thestorywillunfoldontwotemporalplanes.ThepresentinCincinnaticonstitutesoneplane,whileaseriesofeventsthattookplacearoundtwentyyearsearlier,mostlyinKentucky,constitutetheother.Thislatterplaneisaccessedanddescribedthroughthefragmentedflashbacksofthemajorcharacters.
Fromthesefragmentedmemories,thefollowingstorybeginstoemerge:
Sethe,theprotagonist,issoldtotheGarners,whoownSweetHomeandpracticeacomparativelybenevolentkindofslavery.AfterthedeathofMr.Garner,thewidowedMrs.Garneraskshersadistic,avehementlyracistbrother-in-low,asaschoolteacher,tohelphertorunthefarm.HisoppressivepresencemakesSetheintentonrunning,whohasalreadysentherchildrenaheadtohermother-in-lawBabySuggs'shouseinCincinnati,andisalsopregnantwithafourthchild.Whilebeforesh
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