Development of On.docx
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Development of On.docx
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DevelopmentofOn
DevelopmentofOn
ABSTRACT
ThedistanceeducationprogrammeinBangladeshwasoriginallyconceivedin1974.TherelevantsectionoftheKudrat-e-KhudaEducationCommissionsays,揥iththepresenteducationsystemthereshouldbeamplescopeforpart-time,drop-outandirregularstudents,sothattheycanachievehighereducation.Alltheirregularstudentsshouldhavebeengivenscopetositfortheexamination,inthiscase,eveningcoursecanbestarted.Toachievethisgoal,anOpenUniversitycanbestartedlike”Bangladeshjoinedtheworldbodyofopen/distancelearningin1981throughanInter-MinisterialTaskForce.Later,in1985byofferingB.ed.Course揃angladeshInstituteofDistanceEducation”(BIDE)wasestablished.In1992,undertheactofBangladeshParliament,BangladeshOpenUniversity(BOU)wasestablished.Theaimoflaunchingthedistanceeducationprogrammewas搕oexpandalllevelsofeducation,knowledgeandsciencebyadiversityofmeansincludingtheuseoftechnology.Itintendstoprovideopportunitiesofeducationtoallclassesofpeopleandcreateefficientmanpowerbyimprovingthequalityofeducation.”Bangladeshhasachievedaliteracyrateof54%.Bangladeshhas15,293highschools,and66,81,212studentsareenrolledyearly.About50%ofthehighschoolstudentsfailtopursuehighereducationduetofinancialconstraints.Manystudentswhoareeconomicallysoundalsofailtocontinuehighereducationbecausetheydonotgetseatsincollegesanduniversities,resultinginhugedrop-outs.Duetoseriouseconomicandothersocialpressures,thosewhocontinuetopursuehighereducationarevirtuallyunabletoachievedesiredlevelofeducationalstandardandresults.EstablishmentofBOUandlaunchingof19formaland18non-formalcoursesofdifferentlevelhavefacilitatedenrollmentofover250,000studentsfromalloverBangladesh.BOUorganizesitseducationalprogrammethrough12regionalcentres,80localcentres,andmorethan800tutorialcentres.EachregionalandlocalcentreisequippedwithaPC,buteachregionalcentrehasTV,VCP,VCR,teleconferencingfacilities,etc.Theenrolledstudentscanusethelibrariesandmultimediafacilitiesoftheregionalandlocalcentres.Qualityofanyeducationlargelydependsontheeducationalfacilitiesofferedtostudents.Amongotherthings,accesstoinformationandinformationresourcesarehighlyimportant.Althoughtherearelibraryfacilitiesintheregionalandlocalcentres,thesearenotcomputerizedandarenotnetworked.ParticipantsofthecoursesdonotgetaccesstothecentrallibraryofBOUfromtheirownenvironmentorfromtheaccesscentre.BOUhasplanstofacilitateaccessofcourseparticipantstoinformationresourcesfromitsheadquartersinGazipur,about30kmfromthecapitalcity.Buttheprogrammecouldnotbeimplementedmainlyduetofinancialconstraints.Tofacilitateandensureaneffectiveandappropriateonlinedistancelearning,onlineaccesstoinformationandinformationresourcesisessentiallyneeded.Bangladeshstillhasahugenumberofdrop-outswhocanbemadeworthycitizensbyofferingthemeasyeducationthroughtheopenlearning/distanceeducationprogramme.Thisgroupofpeople,ifproperlyeducated,cangreatlycontributetotheireconomicformationandfate,particularlyoftheruralpeople.
1.Introduction
BangladeshisoneofthesevensouthAsiancountries.ItisboundedbyIndiaonthreesides:
thewest,thenorth,andthenorth-east,andonthesouth-eastbyBurma,andtheBayofBengalonthesouth.
TheareaofBangladeshis1,47,570sq.k.m.Thetotalpopulationisestimatedtobe130millionin2000,thepopulationgrowthratebeing perannum.Thedensityofpopulationwas755persq.k.m.in1991,anditisexpectedthatattheendof2000A.D.thefigurewouldbereachingto881.Thepercentageofurbanpeopleis,whilethatoftheruralisarea
TheMuslimruledthecountryforoverfiveandahalfcenturiesfrom1201to1757A.D.ThisterritorywasruledbytheBritishfornearly190yearsfrom1757to1947.During1947to25March1971,thisgeographicalterritorywasknownasEastPakistan.On26thMarch1971,Bangladeshwasdeclaredasanindependentandsovereignstate.
ItistruethatBangladeshisfacingacuteeconomichardship.ThepercapitaincomeisUS$ Duetoeconomicconstraintsandpoorsocialinfrastructures,mostoftheaveragepeoplecannotstandonstablefootings.
2.EducationandCulture
揟hefoundationoftheeducationalsysteminBangladeshwaslaiddownduringtheperiodofBritishrule;thesystemhasthreelevels—primary,secondary,andhighereducation.”2Primaryeducation,whichisyettobemadeabsolutelyfreeandcompulsory,forthechildrenattaining10yearplus,isthebaseofsecondaryeducationdividedintotwolevels—secondaryeducationfromclassVItoVIII,highschool,andhighersecondaryfromIXtoXIIwithpublicexaminationsbeingheldattheconclusionofeachlevelofschooling.Schoolsincitiesandtownsaregenerallybetterstaffedandfinancedthanthoseofruralareas.”2
Therecentsurveyshows,Bangladeshhas15,293highschools3,and66,81,212students4usetogetenrolledyearly.About50%ofthehighschoolstudentsfailtopursuehighereducationduetofinancialconstraints.Agoodnumberofstudentsthougheconomicallysounddoalsofailtocontinuetheirhighereducationbecauseofthelackofseatsincollegesanduniversities,resultinginhugedrop-outs.Inadditioneconomicstringencyandoddsocialpressureshavebeenstrandingmanytohavehighereducationthatcouldvirtuallyplaythevitalroletoraisethedesiredlevelofeducationalstandardandcherishedattainments.EstablishmentofBangladeshOpenUniversityandlaunchingof19formaland18non-formalcoursesondifferentdisciplineshaverecentlyfacilitatedtheenrollmentofover250,000studentsfromalloverBangladesh.
IntheeducationalandculturalfieldsBangladeshoccupiesanimportantpositionamongthecountriesofSouthAsianregion.Forthepurposesofimpartinggeneraleducation,thereare11GovernmentUniversitiesincludingBangladeshOpenUniversity(BOU)inGazipurinaflourishingarea(nearcapitalcityDhaka).Unlikeotherconventionaluniversities,BangladeshOpenUniversityispurelytechnologybasedanditsaimistomakescopeofhighereducationforthelessliteratemasspeoplewhoareengagedindifferentoccupation,etc.
3.Problemsinconventionaleducation
ItistruethatBangladeshisfacingacuteeconomichardship.ThepercapitaincomeisUS$ Duetoeconomicconstraintsandpoorsocialinfrastructuresmostoftheaveragepeoplecannotstandonstablefootings.Itisnodoubtthatittremendouslyaffectseducationalatmosphereofthecountryespeciallyoftheruralpeople.ThoughBangladeshhasagoodnumberofuniversities,colleges,schoolsandvocationalinstitutions,theoverallpictureofeducationisnotyetappreciating.Thelandislimited,otherthanhumanallsortsofresourcesaretoomuchlimited,andsoistherateofliteracythatisnotsatisfactory.Inadditionistheincreasingpopulationthatpainstakingandstandsasabarriertotheeducationsystem.Therootsofsuchpensivecausesare:
1.Lackofexpertteachers,
2.Limitedseatsinclasses,
3.Faultyeducationplanning,
4.Lackofappropriateeducationpolicy,
5.Lackofacceptablecurriculumwhichisanabsoluterequirementofthepresentage,
6.Uncertaintyinemploymentafterobtainingofhigherdegrees,
7.Lackoflibraryfacilitiesandservices,
8.Politicalinstability,etc.
Theseproblemsareregularphenomenaandcannotbesolvedinaday.Butwitnessingthesepictures,onecannotsitidle.Henceitdemandssomeactionplans,programmes,stepsandnecessarypositiveactivitysothatthenationcanbewelleducatedandupgradeuptoacertaindignifiedlevel.Toachievethecherishedgoalpossiblestepsaretobetakenandthatshouldbealong-termplanning.Educationists,policymakers,andsocialitesdidfeelmuchaboutmasseducationanditisearly1970s,thethengovernmenthadtakenthemaidenstepsbytakingtheopenlearninganddistanceeducationpolicyinhand.
4.DistanceEducationinBangladesh:
ahistory
ThedistanceeducationprogrammeinBangladeshwasoriginallyconceivedin1974.TherelevantsectionoftheKudrat-e-KhudaEducationCommissionsays,揥iththepresenteducationsystemthereshouldbeamplescopeforpart-time,drop-outandirregularstudents,sothattheycanreceivehighereducation.Alltheirregularstudentsshouldhavebeengivenscopetositfortheexamination,inthiscase,eveningcoursecanbestarted.Toachievethisgoal,anOpenUniversitycanbestartedlikethatof”6Bangladeshjoinedtheworldbodyofopen/distancelearningin1981throughanInter-MinisterialTaskForce.Later,in1985byofferingBachelorofEducation(B.ed.)Course揃angladeshInstituteofDistanceEducation”(BIDE)wasestablished.In1992,undertheactofBangladeshParliament,BangladeshOpenUniversity(BOU)wasestablished.Theaimoflaunchingthedistanceeducationprogrammewas搕oexpandalllevelsofeducation,knowledgeandsciencebyadiversityofmeansincludingtheuseoftechnology.Itintendstoprovideopportunitiesofeducationtoallclassesofpeopleandcreateefficientmanpowerbyimprovingthequalityofeducation.”7BythistimeBangladeshhasachievedaliteracyrateof54%.BOUorganizesitseducationalprogrammethrough12RegionalResourceCentres(RRCs),80LocalCentres(LCs),andmorethan800TutorialCentres(TCs).EachregionalandlocalcentreisequippedwithaPC,buteachregionalcentrehasTV,VCP,VCR,teleconferencingfacilities,etc.Theenrolledstudentscanusethelibrariesandmultimediafacilitiesof
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