二维码外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx
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二维码外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx
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AreadabilityanalysisforQRcodeapplicationinatraceabilitysystem
LasloTarjan
Abstract
Traceabilityofdatathroughtransformationstagesofeachindividualfoodproduct,startingfromrawproductsandtothefinalproduct,aswellasprintingthekeydataontheproductpackage,addstotheconsumers’trustinproductquality.Foreachfoodproduct,itisnecessarytotrackdatastartingfromthestageofrawproductsfarming,throughfoodprocessing,transport,warehousing,toretailingandreachingtheendconsumer.Inordertoallowinsighttothekeydatatotheuser(mostlyendconsumer),thispapersuggestsrecordingthedataontheproductpackageintheformofaquickresponsetwo-dimensionalbarcode(QRcode)inkeypointsoftheproduct’slifecycle.Forefficientfunctioningoftheproposedsystem,itisessentialtoensurefastandreliableoperationthroughproperplacementoftheQRcodeonthepackageduringproduction,andfastandeasydatareadingbytheproductconsumer.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofareadabilityanalysisofQRcodeofvariablecontents,sizeanddataerrorcorrectionlevel,whicharereadbysmartphonesrunninganAndroidplatform.Theexperimentswereperformedwithvarioustypesofbasematerialonwhichthecodewasprinted.Furthermore,QRcodereadabilityanalysiswasconductedinthecasewhenthereisageometricdeformationofthecode.Basedonthedetailedanalysisofthecollecteddata,itcanbeconcludedthatQRcodereadabilityisnotdirectlyinfluencedbythenumberofcodedcharacters,orbytheerrorcorrectionlevel,butonlybythesizeofmodulesthatconstitutethecode.Furthermore,theresultsshowthatthechangeofthebasematerialdoesnotinfluencethereadtime,butinfluencesthecodereadability.Thepaperfurtherpresentsanexampleoftheproposedtraceabilitysystem,wheretheQRcodesareusedfordatatrackingandtracingforfruityogurts,basedontherecommendationsgainedthroughthereadabilityanalysis.Thistraceabilitysystemconceptisuniversalandcanbeusedforvariousproductswithslightmodifications.
Keywords:
Traceability;
QRcode;
Barcode;
Mobilephone;
Readability
1.Introduction
Foodproducttraceabilityisatopicthatdrawsattentionofanincreasing numberofresearchersintheworld.Inordertosetatraceabilitysystem,itisnecessarytoprovideupdateddatathatissignificanttotheuser,suchastheproductorigin,processingmode,storingconditions,andexpirationdate.Ineachsystemthereisacriticalpointwherethesystematicinformationlossoccurswhentheinformationaboutaproductorprocessisnotlinkedtoaproductandrecordedsystematically(Huetal.,2013),thusitisimportanttosetthesystemsothatthepotentialcriticalpointsarerecognizedandtheproblemseliminatedbeforetheimplementationofthetraceabilitysystem.
Theappearanceoftheavianandswineinfluenza,bovinespongiformencephalopathy(“themadcowdisease”)aswellasfrequentoccurrenceofundesirablesubstances(pesticides,heavymetals,etc.)infoodproductsincreasestheneedforanefficientsystemfortracingtheoriginandtheprocessingconditionsoffoodduringproduction,transportandwarehousing.Producttraceabilityisanefficientwayforincreasingfoodsafetyandqualityandtoreducetheexpensesforwithdrawalofproblematicproductsfromthemarket(Regattierietal.,2007),aswellastoimproveproductionstrategiesinacompany(SaltiniandAkkerman,2012)andproductioncontrol(Saltinietal.,2013).Producttraceabilityisextremelyimportantforperishableproductsindustry(Lavelli,2013).TheEuropeanUnioncountries,thisareaisregulatedwithEuropeanstandardsfortraceabilityandBestAvailableTechnology(BAT),aslaiddowninENISO2205:
2007standardsandtheEuropeanDirective2008/1/EC(Standardization,2007).Ontheotherhand,itisshownthatthemodernwayoflifeleadstoseparationofusers(consumers)andproducersoffoodproducts(farmers,agriculturalists)fromeachother(Freweretal.,2005,HarperandMakatouni,2002,Marí
a,2006,Phuong,2013andVerbeke,2005).Thisseparationinfluencestheincreaseinconsumersdistrustinthefoodproductquality,differentinterpretationsofconditionsinwhichtheanimalsshouldbeheldinordertogainsatisfactoryqualityoffoodproductsfromacertainlandproperty(BosonaandGebresenbet,2013andVanhonackeretal.,2008).
Astudy(Zhangetal.,2012)showsthattheconsumersarewillingtopayasignificantpositivepricepremiumforfoodtraceability,assuchasystemgreatlyinfluencestheconsumerstrustinacertainproduct(ChenandHuang,2013).(Cunhaetal.,2010)showsasystemforvineyardidentificationandvineoriginbasedonaQRcodeprintedonthecontainerwherethevineistransported.ByreadingtheQRcodebythemobilephoneandusingtheinternet,ausercangetinformationabouttheorigin,weatherandotherconditionsinthefieldduringthegrowthofgrapes.Thisprojectalsousedothertechnologies,liketheRFIDtags,determininglocationbyGPS,measurementoftemperature,humidityandairpollution.Asimilarconceptoftraceabilityisshownin(Ruiz-Garciaetal.,2010),wheredatafromthefieldarecollectedthroughweb-basedsystemsfordataprocessing.
Therearealsostudieswhereproducttraceabilityisusedinanalysisofproductqualityattheendofproductlifecycleandtheproductsareclassifiedbasedontheseresults(Papettietal.,2012andZhangetal.,2010).
(Qianetal.,2012)DescribeastudywithaprimarygoaltodevelopaWheatFlourMillingTraceabilitySystem(WFMTS),incorporating2Dbarcodeandradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)technology,andtovalidatethesysteminawheatflourmillinChinese.TracingeachindividualproductisbasedonapplicationofQRcodes,andtracingacontainerwithseveralproductsisbasedonapplicationofRFIDtags.Thesystemdescribedbythisstudyissuccessfullyimplementedinarealworldapplication.
Applicationof2Dcodesisalsopresentatfarms,andthus(Frö
schleetal.,2009)presentsresultsthatindicateapplicabilityofDataMatrixcodesforproducttraceabilityforeachindividualanimalatpoultryfarms.Thecodesareprintedonthebeakandfeetoftheanimal,andthereadingofcodesisperformedbyopticaldevices.Itwasshownthatthecodesprintedonthebeakhavebetterreadratesthanthoseprintedonthefeet.Anothersimilarresearch(McInerneyetal.,2011aandMcInerneyetal.,2011b)analyzedtheinfluenceofrenewingthesurfaceofthechickenbeakduringthetraceabilityperiodtothereadabilityoflinearand2Dbarcodesthatwereprintedonthebeak.Itwasshownthatregardlessoftherenewingofthebeakcells,the
codesaremostlyreadable.Potentialtwo-dimensionalcodesforapplicationinautomatedmanufacturing,suchasthefoodproduction,ispresentedinthepaper(OsmanandFurness,2000).
Ourresearchisaimingto developauniversalsystemforfoodproductstraceability,whichcouldbeappliedinallormostofthefoodindustrytypes.ThemainideaistotransfertheimportantinformationintheQRcodeformatontheproductorproductpackagingtothesubsequentuserinthefoodchain,whichcanbeeasilyreadbya2Dbarcodereaderorasmartphone,andtheinformationcanbegainedimmediatelyon-the-spot(Chenetal.,2013).InordertobasesuchasystemonQRcodes,itisessentialtoensurefastandeasydecodingaswellasruggednessofthecodes(Liangetal.,2013).TheresearchpresentedinthispaperwasconductedinordertogetaclearimageofpossibilitiesofpackagingmaterialapplicationforprintingtheQRcodesfortransferringinformationabouttheproduct.Ontheotherhand,itisimportanttodeterminethereadspeedandsuccessrateforvarioussizesofQRcodes,inordertoselectthemostreliablesolution.Also,theinfluenceoftheerrorcorrectionlevelsontheQRcodereadabilitywasanalyzed,whichprovidesdatarecoveryinthecaseofcodedamage,butadditionallyincreasesthedensityofmodulesinthecode.
Theremainderofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2presentstheobjectivesoftheresearch.Italsodescribesthedraftofthemodelfortheproducttraceabilitysystembyusingkeydataabouttheproduct,andshowsthebasicinformationaboutthestructureofQRcodes,aswellasthesoftwaretoolforworkingwithQRcodes.
Section3describesthetwophasesoftheconductedexperiments.Section4presentstheobtainedresults.Section5showsanexamplesystemforfruityogurtproduction,wherethetraceabilitysystemissetbasedonthedatacontainedintheQRcode.Thefinalsectiondiscussestheresultsandgivestheconclusionstothepaper.
2.Objectives
Auniversalsystemmodelisneededfortraceabilityofkeydataforeachfoodproduct.Thissystemmodelshouldbeapplicableforvariousfoodproductionprocessesregardlessofthespecificappliedtechnologyforfoodprocessing.Thetraceabilitysystemshouldbebasedontechnologiesforautomaticidentification,suchasRFID
technologyand2Dbarcodesforcarryingdata.TheresearchobjectiveofthispaperisdeterminingthepossibilitiesofQRcodeapplicationfortraceabilityofkeydataforeachfoodproduct,byanalysisofQRcodereadabilitywithregardstodifferentcodecontent,sizeanderrorcorrectionlevel,aswellasdifferentbasematerialsforprintingthecode,andgeometricaldeformationsofthecode.
2.1.Foodtraceabilitysystem
RFID technology has many advantages for implementation in automatedidentificationandtraceabilitysystems,suchast
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