外文翻译 汽车的转向控制Word文件下载.docx
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外文翻译 汽车的转向控制Word文件下载.docx
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Automaticstabilitysystemscandetecttheonsetofaskidandbringafishtailingvehiclebackoncourseevenbeforeitsdrivercanreact.
Safetyglass,seatbelts,crumplezones,airbags,antilockbrakes,tractioncontrol,andnowstabilitycontrol.Thecontinuingprogressionofsafetysystemsforcarshasyieldedyetanotherdevicedesignedtokeepoccupantsfrominjury.Stabilitycontrolsystemshelpdriversrecoverfromuncontrolledskidsincurves,thusavoidingspinoutsandaccidents.
Usingcomputersandanarrayofsensors,astabilitycontrolsystemdetectstheonsetofaskidandrestoresdirectionalcontrolmorequicklythanahumandrivercan.Everymicrosecond,thesystemtakesa"
snapshot,"
calculatingwhetheracarisgoingexactlyinthedirectionitisbeingsteered.Ifthereistheslightestdifferencebetweenwherethedriverissteeringandwherethevehicleisgoing,thesystemcorrectsitspathinasplit-secondbyadjustingenginetorqueand/orapplyingthecat'
sleft-orright-sidebrakesasneeded.Typicalreactiontimeis40milliseconds-seventimesfasterthanthatoftheaveragehuman.
Astabilitycontrolsystemsensesthedriver'
sdesiredmotionfromthesteeringangle,theacceleratorpedalposition,andthebrakepressurewhiledeterminingthevehicle'
sactualmotionfromtheyawrate(vehiclerotationaboutitsverticalaxis)andlateralacceleration,explainedAntonvanZanten,projectleaderoftheRobertBoschengineeringteam.VanZanten'
sgroupandateamofengineersfromMercedes-Benz,ledbyprojectmanagerArminMuller,developedthefirstfullyeffectivestabilitycontrolsystem,whichregulatesenginetorqueandwheelbrakepressuresusingtractioncontrolcomponentstominimizethedifferencebetweenthedesiredandactualmotion.
Automotivesafetyexpertsbelievethatstabilitycontrolsystemswillreducethenumberofaccidents,oratleasttheseverityofdamage.Safetystatisticssaythatmostofthedeadlyaccidentsinwhichasinglecarspinsout(accountingforfourpercentofalldeadlycollisions)couldbeavoidedusingthenewtechnology.Theadditionalcostofthenewsystemsareontheorderoftheincreasinglypopularantilockbrake/tractioncontrolunitsnowavailableforcars.
ThedebutofstabilitycontroltechnologytookplaceinEuropeontheMercedes-BenzS600coupethisspring.DevelopedjointlyduringthepastfewyearsbyRobertBoschGmbHandMercedes-BenzAG,bothofStuttgart,Germany,VehicleDynamicsControl(VDC).inBoschterminology,ortheElectronicStabilityProgram(ESP),asMercedescallsit,maintainsvehiclestabilityinmostdrivingsituations.Boschdevelopedthesystem,andMercedes-Benzintegrateditintothevehicle.Mercedesengineersusedthestate-of-the-artDaimler-Benzvirtual-realitydrivingsimulatorinBerlintoevaluatethesystemunderextremeconditions,suchasstrongcrosswinds.TheythenputthesystemthroughitspacesontheslickiceofLakeHornavannearArjeplog,Sweden.Workiscurrentlyunderwaytoadaptthetechnologytobusesandlargetrucks,toavoidjack-knifing,forexample.
Boschisnotaloneindevelopingsuchasafetysystem.ITTAutomotiveofAuburnHills,Mich.,introduceditsAutomotiveStabilityManagementSystem(ASMS)inJanuaryatthe1995NorthAmericanInternationalAutoShowinDetroit."
ASMSisaquantumleapintheevolutionofantilockbrakesystems,combiningthebestattributesofABSandtractioncontrolintoatotalvehicledynamicsmanagementsystem,"
saidTimothyD.Leuliette,ITTAutomotive'
spresidentandchiefexecutiveofficer.
"
ASMSmonitorswhatthevehiclecontrolsindicateshouldbehappening,comparesthattowhatisactuallyhappening,thenworkstocompensateforthedifference,"
saidJohannesGraber,ASMSprogrammanageratITTAutomotiveEurope.ITT'
ssystemshouldbeginappearingonvehiclesworldwideneartheendofthedecade,accordingtoTomMathues,directorofengineeringofBrake&
ChassisSystemsatITTAutomotiveNorthAmerica.Companyengineersarenowadaptingthesystemtospecificcarmodelsfromsixoriginalequipmentmanufacturers.
Aless-sophisticatedandless-effectiveBoschstabilitycontrolsystemalreadyappearsonthe1995750iLand850CiV-12modelsfromMunich-basedBMWAG.TheBMWDynamicStabilityControl(DSC)systemusesthesamewheel-speedsensorsastractioncontrolandstandardanti-lockbrake(ABS)systemstorecognizeconditionsthatcandestabilizeavehicleincurvesandcorners.Todetectsuchpotentiallydangerouscorneringsituations,DSCmeasuresdifferencesinrotationalspeedbetweenthetwofrontwheels.TheDSCsystemalsoaddsasensorforsteeringangle,Utilizesanexistingoneforvehiclevelocity,andintroducesitsownsoftwarecontrolelementsintheoverallantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-controlsystem.
ThenewBoschandITTAutomotivestabilitycontrolsystemsbenefitfromadvancedtechnologydevelopedfortheaerospaceindustry.Justasinasupersonicfighter,theautomotivestabilitycontrolunitsuseasensor-basedcomputersystemtomediatebetweenthehumancontrollerandtheenvironment-inthiscase,theinterfacebetweentireandroad.Inaddition,thesystemisbuiltaroundagyroscopelikesensordesignusedformissileguidance.
BEYONDABSANDTRACTIONCONTROL
StabilitycontrolisthelogicalextensionofABSandtractioncontrol,accordingtoaSocietyofAutomotiveEngineerspaperwrittenbyvanZantenandBoschcolleaguesRainerErhardtandGeorgPfaff.WhereasABSinterveneswhenwheellockisimminentduringbraking,andtractioncontrolpreventswheelslippagewhenaccelerating,stabilitycontroloperatesindependentlyofthedriver'
sactionsevenwhenthecarisfree-rolling.Dependingontheparticulardrivingsituation,thesystemmayactivateanindividualwheelbrakeoranycombinationofthefourandadjustenginetorque,stabilizingthecarandseverelyreducingthedangerofanuncontrolledskid.Thenewsystemscontrolthemotionnotonlyduringfullbrakingbutalsoduringpartialbraking,coasting,acceleration,andenginedragonthedrivenwheels,circumstanceswellbeyondwhatABSandtractioncontrolcanhandle.
Theideabehindthethreeactivesafetysystemsisthesame:
Onewheellockingorslippingsignificantlydecreasesdirectionalstabilityormakessteeringavehiclemoredifficult.Ifacarmustbrakeonalow-frictionsurface,lockingitswheelsshouldbeavoidedtomaintainstabilityandsteerability.
SPINHANDLERS
Thenewsystemsmeasureanytendencytowardundersteer(whenacarrespondsslowlytosteeringchanges),orover-steer(whentherearwheelstrytoswingaround).Ifacarundersteersandswervesoffcoursewhendriveninacurve,thestabilitycontrolsystemwillcorrecttheerrorbybrakingtheinner(withrespecttothecurve)rearwheel.Thisenablesthedriver,asinthecaseofABS,toapproachthelockinglimitoftheroad-tireinterfacewithoutlosingcontrolofthevehicle.Thestabilitycontrolsystemmayreducethevehicle'
sdrivemomentumbythrottlingbacktheengineand/orbybrakingonindividualwheels.Conversely,ifthehteralstabilizingforceontherearaxleisinsufficient,thedangerofoversteeringmayresultinrear-endbreakawayorspin-out.Here,thesystemactsasastabilizerbyapplyingtheouter-frontwheelbrake.
Theinfluenceofsideslipangleonmaneuverability,theBoschresearchersexplained,showsthatthesensitivityoftheyawmomentonthevehicle,withrespecttochangesinthesteeringangle,decreasesrapidlyastheslipangleofthevehicleincreases.Oncetheslipanglegrowsbeyondacertainlimit,thedriverhasamuchhardertimerecoveringbysteering.Ondrysurfaces,maneuverabilityislostatslip-anglevalueslargerthanapproximately10degrees,andonpackedsnowatapproximately4degrees.
Mostdrivershavelittleexperiencerecoveringfromskids.Theyaren'
tawareofthecoefficientoffrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroadandhavenoideaoftheirvehicle'
slateralstabilitymargin.Whenthelimitofadhesionisreached,thedriverisusuallycaughtbysurpriseandveryoftenreactsinthewrongway,steeringtoomuch.Oversteering,ITT'
sGraberexplained,causesthecartofishtail,throwingthevehicleevenfurtheroutofcontrol.ASMSsensors,hesaid,canquicklydetectthebeginningofaskidandmomentarilyactivatethebrakesatindividualwheelstohelpreturnthevehicletoastableline.
Itisimportantthatstabilitycontrolsystemsbeuser-friendlyatthelimitofadhesion-thatis,toactpredictablyinawaysimilartonormaldriving.
Thebiggestadvantageofstabilitycontrolisitsspeed-itcanrespondimmediatelynotonlytoskidsbutalsotoshiftingvehicleconditions(suchaschangesinweightortirewear)androadquality.Thus,thesystemsachieveoptimumdrivingstabilitybychangingthelateralstabilizingforces.
Forastabilitycontrolsystemtorecognizethedifferencebetweenwhatthedriverwants(desiredcourse)andtheactualmovementofthevehicle(actualcourse),currentcarsrequireanefficientsetofsensorsandagreatercomputercapacityforprocessinginformation.
TheBoschVDC/ESPelectroniccontrolunitcontainsaconventionalcircuitboardwithtwopartlyredundantmicrocontrollersusing48kilobytesof
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