云计算平台虚拟机Word格式.docx
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云计算平台虚拟机Word格式.docx
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Net-works]:
DistributedSystems
GeneralTerms:
Design,Experimentation,Measurement,Performance
AdditionalKeyWordsandPhrases:
VirtualMachines,KVM,High-PerformanceComputing
Acurrentprobleminscienticcomputingisthattheexpertiseneededtodeployandmaintainaclusterremainsscarcedespiterecentdeclinesinhardwarecosts.Smallerresearchgroupsmaynotbeabletoaordtohavetheirownclusters,andpurchasingtimeonanexistingclusterraisesconcernssuchasvendorlock-inanddatasecurity.
Inthispaper,wepresentacloudcomputingmodelwhichdenesaminimumspecicationforacomputecluster'
ssolepurposeistohostothercom-puteclustersthroughthisway,aVirtualizationServiceProvider(VSPcansellcomputepowerwithouthavingtodirectlymaintaineachend-user'
sparticularapplication.
Similarly,VirtualOrganizations(VO'
scanpurchasecomputepowerfromVSP'
swithouthavingtoworryabouthardwareorsoftwareVOisfreetodevelopamodelclusterlocally,perhapsevenonapersonalworkstation,testit,and
Authors'
address:
SchoolofComputing,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SC29634-0974,USA.
ThismaterialisbaseduponworksupportedunderaNationalScienceFoundationGraduateRe-searchFellowship.
Permissiontomakedigital/hardcopyofallorpartofthismaterialwithoutfeeforpersonalorclassroomuseprovidedthatthecopiesarenotmadeordistributedforprotorcommercialadvantage,theACMcopyright/servernotice,thetitleofthepublication,anditsdateappear,andnoticeisgiventhatcopyingisbypermissionoftheACM,copyotherwise,torepublish,topostonservers,ortoredistributetolistsrequirespriorspecicpermissionand/orafee.
c20YYACM1529-3785/20YY/0700-0001$
ACMTransactionsonComputationalLogic,,,Month20YY,Pages10?
?
.
2·
etal.
(aType1(bType2
deployittoaVSP'
shardwarewithreasonableassurancesthattheoperatingenvironmentwillbefullycompatible.
Wewillrstprovideabriefoverviewofvirtualizationtechnologies,followedbyadescriptionofourmodelvirtual,wewilldenetheinfrastructureforwhichanVSPwouldbe,wewillpresentsomeresultsofamodelclusterconstructedattheCyberinfrastructureResearchLaboratoryatClemsonUniversity.
MODEL
Inessence,virtualizationismakingonecomputerappeartobemultiplecomputers.[Jones2006]Virtualizationisaccomplishedwithaprogramcalledahypervisor,whilesystemsrunningunderahypervisorareknownasvirtualmachines(VMs.Therearetwobasictypesofhypervisor[IBM2005]:
Type1hypervisorsdirectlyinterfacewiththesystemoperatingsystemsruninsideavirtualisusuallyaspecial,privilegedvirtualmachinethatcanmanagetheisanexampleofthistypeofhypervisor.Type2hypervisorsrunasanormalprograminsideanormaloperatingsystem.ThisOSisknownastheguestOSrunsasaprocessinthehostOS.TheseprocessescanbemanipulatedjustlikeanyotherandKVMareexamplesofthistypeofhypervisor.
SeeFigure1foracomparisonofType1and2hypervisors.
AstrictType2hypervisorrequiresthatallI/Odevicesbeemulatedcompletelyinsoftware,resultinginaddedoverheadforI/Oallowsthevirtualmachinetomakecallsdirectlytothehypervisor,resultinginpotentiallyincreasederequiresmodicationstotheguestkernel.[IBM2005]
SeeTableIforacomparisonofKVMandXen.
ACMTransactionsonComputationalLogic,,,Month20YY.
AnEvaluationofKVMforUseinCloudComputing·
3
Table
KVMXen
Type1HypervisorType2Hypervisor
HostisaprivilegedguestHostdirectlyonhardware
UnprivilegedguestsGuestshaveuserprivileges
x86ringabstractionUNIXprocessabstraction
ParavirtualizedguestsUnmodifiedguests
VirtualMachine(KVM
TheKernel-basedVirtualMachine(KVMisaType2hypervisormaintainedbyQumranet,Inc[Habib2008][Qumranet2006].KVMisbasedontheQEMUemu-latorandderivesallitsmanagementtoolsfrommainfocusofKVMdevelopmentistousethex86VTextensions,whichallowvirtualmachinestomakesystemcalls[vanDoorn2006].KVMversionsnewerthanKVM-62havesupportforparavirtualizedLinuxguests,butwedidnotutilizethiscapabilityinourinitialprototype.
KVMusesasetofLinuxkernelmodulestoprovideVTcanrunonastockLinuxkernelthatis:
(anewenoughand(bhashadtheKVMmodulesbuiltforcontrast,XenrequiresaheavilypatchedLinuxkernel,onwhichdevelopmentlagsbehindthemainlinekernel.
KVMsupportstheQEMUCopy-on-write(QCOWdiskimageformat,allowingittosupportasnapshotmodeforitsdiskI/Osnapshotmode,alldiskwritesaredirectedtoatemporaryle,andchangesarenotpersistedtotheoriginaldiskimageVM'
scanberunfromonediskimage,somewhatmitigatingthehugestoragerequirementsassociatedwithhostingagridofVM'
s[Keaheyet].DestroyingavirtualclusterisassimpleassendingSIGKILLtoeachhypervisoranddeletingtheimagefromdisk.
KVMsupportsthestandardLinuxTUN/TAPmodelforEthernetusingthismodel,eachVMgetsitsownnetworkingresources,makingitindistin-guishablefromaphysicalmachine.
ComputeNodes
CentraltotheVirtualOrganizationClusterModel(VOCMistheVirtualOrgani-zationCluster(VOC,whichiscomposedofVirtualComputeNodesVirtualOrganization(VOthatwishestoutilizethecomputefacilitiesprovidedbyaVirtualizationServiceProvider(VSPmustprovideaVMimageorsetofVMimages,alongwithsomegeneralcongurationeachimagewillpotentiallybeusedtospawnmultipleVM'
s,thecongurationofeachimagemustnotmakeanyassumptionsaboutthetypeofnetworking(hardwareinterface,hostname,orsystem-specicconguration,dynamicnetworkingcongurationshouldbeahostnamehasbeenobtained,dynamiccon-gurationbaseduponthehostnameisallowed.
OurmodelVOCwasbuiltfromtwoVCN'
s,eachwith.CentOSprovidessubstantialout-of-the-boxsupportforclustercomputingappli-cationsand,alongwithitscousin,RedHatEnterpriseLinux,iswidelysupportedinthescienticandhigh-performancecomputingtwoVCN'
swere:
4·
(1Avirtualheadnode,whichwasconguredwiththeCondorcentralmanager
andsubmitdaemons(condor_collector,condor_negotiator,condor_schedd,Gangliamonitoringdaemon(gmond,andGangliametadaemon(gmetad.
(2Avirtualcomputeelement,whichwasconguredwiththeCondorjobstarter
(condor_startd,MPICH2,ATLAS(tunedforthevirtualCPU,andGangliamonitoringdaemon(gmond.
OurmodelVOCwasdesignedasanOpenScienceGrid(OSGcomputeelement.ThevirtualheadnodeusedCondortodistributeincomingOSGjobstothevirtualcomputeelements.
Preparingthephysical(asopposedtovirtualclusterforVOCsupportrequiredconguringthehostOS,settingupsupportservices,conguringnetworkingser-vices,andconguringstorageourprototypeimplementation,supportservicesincludedaLightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol(LDAPserverforcen-tralizedadministrationofhostsandphysicaluseraccounts,aDynamicHostCon-gurationProtocol(DHCPserverforassigningIPv4addressestonodes,andaDomainNameServer(DNSforhostresolution.
OSconguration
Whenprovidingvirtualizationservices,thehostOSshouldbeminimalistinordertoreserveasmanyresourcesaspossibleforthethisend,SlackwareLinux12waschosenasthehostcustomkernelwascompiledtoenablesupportforKVMandadditionalnetworkunnecessaryhardwaredriversandotherfeatureswereleftoutofthekerneltominimizeitsmemorydrivermodulesalsowerebuiltforthecustomkernel.
Formaintainabilityreasons,alltheSlackwarenodeswereinstalledviaPXEbootandacustomautomatedinstallallowedthewholeclustertobere-createdquicklyincaseofaddednodes,hardwarefailure,oradministratoradditionalsoftwarewasmaintainedintheformofSlackwarepackagestoallowforrapiddeploymentacrosstheentirecluster.
SupportServices
CongurationinformationforeachVCNwasstoredinanLDAPdatabasetopro-videacentralizedadministrationVCNwasrepresentedasanLDAPentrywiththehostname,IPaddress,andMACaddressMACaddresswasgeneratedasalocally-administeredaddressastoavoidconictswithanyotherMAC'
sontheLDAP-aware,batch,remoteadministrationtoolwasalsowrittentoaidthesystemsassistinthedynamiccongurationofVCN'
s,thephysicalclusterprovidedDHCPandDNSservicestotheordertomaintainasinglecongurationsource,DHCPandDNScongurationlesweregeneratedfromtheLDAPdatabasebyacustomutility.TheseutilitieswererequiredtoberunwheneverthehostinformationinLDAPisVCNimagesweremaintainedonanNFSexportthatwasmountedoneachphysicalcomputeimageswereaccessedinaread-onlymodesinceKVM'
ssnapshotmodewasemployedtostartseveralVM'
sfromthesameACMTransactionsonComputationalLogic,,,Month20YY.
·
5
ProcessGrid(PxQ
14x2ProblemSize77000CentOSGFLOPSGFLOPSAdvantage
%
ProcessGrid(PxQ1x114x27x4
ProblemSize00Phys
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