澳大利亚国家概况英文版Word格式.docx
- 文档编号:7734240
- 上传时间:2023-05-09
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:22
- 大小:952.86KB
澳大利亚国家概况英文版Word格式.docx
《澳大利亚国家概况英文版Word格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《澳大利亚国家概况英文版Word格式.docx(22页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
AustralianCapitalTerritory
(ACT)andthe
NorthernTerritory
(NT).
1.1Coverment
Australiaisa
constitutionalmonarchy
witha
federal
divisionofpowers.Itusesa
parliamentarysystem
ofgovernment
with
QueenElizabethII
atitsapexasthe
QueenofAustralia,arolethatisdistinctfromherpositionasmonarchoftheother
Commonwealthrealms.TheQueenresidesintheUnitedKingdom,andsheisrepresentedbyherviceroysinAustralia(the
Governor-General
atthefederallevelandbythe
Governors
atthestatelevel),whobyconventionactontheadviceofherministers.Supremeexecutiveauthorityisvestedbythe
ConstitutionofAustraliainthesovereign,butthepowertoexerciseitisconferredbytheConstitutionspecificallyontheGovernor-General.
ThemostnotableexercisetodateoftheGovernor-General'
s
reservepowers
outsidethePrimeMinister'
srequestwasthedismissaloftheWhitlamGovernmentinthe
constitutionalcrisisof1975.
Thefederalgovernmentis
separated
intothreebranches:
∙Thelegislature:
thebicameral
Parliament,definedinsection1oftheconstitutionascomprisingtheQueen(representedbytheGovernor-General),the
Senate,andthe
HouseofRepresentatives;
∙Theexecutive:
the
FederalExecutiveCouncil,inpracticetheGovernor-GeneralasadvisedbythePrimeMinisterandMinistersofState;
∙Thejudiciary:
HighCourtofAustralia
andother
federalcourts,whosejudgesareappointedbytheGovernor-GeneralonadviceoftheCouncil.
ParliamentHouse,Canberra
1.2NationalAnthem
‘AdvanceAustraliaFair’isthenationalanthemofAustralia.Arevisedversionofalatenineteenthcenturypatrioticsong,itwasofficiallydeclaredthenationalanthemon19April1984.
PeterDoddsMcComick
Australiansallletusrejoice,
Forweareyoungandfree;
We'
vegoldensoilandwealthfortoil,
Ourhomeisgirtbysea;
Ourlandaboundsinnature'
sgifts
Ofbeautyrichandrare;
Inhistory'
spage,leteverystage
AdvanceAustraliaFair.
Injoyfulstrainsthenletussing,
BeneathourradiantSouthernCross,
lltoilwithheartsandhands;
TomakethisCommonwealthofours
Renownedofallthelands;
Forthosewho'
vecomeacrosstheseas
veboundlessplainstoshare;
Withcourageletusallcombine
ToAdvanceAustraliaFair.
2Geography
AustraliaisacountrycomprisingthemainlandoftheAustraliancontinent,theislandof
Tasmania,andnumerous
smallerislands.NeighbouringcountriesincludeIndonesia,
EastTimor
and
PapuaNewGuinea
tothenorth;
SolomonIslands
andVanuatu
tothenorth-east;
and
NewZealand
tothesouth-east.
Australia'
slandmassof7,617,930squarekilometres(2,941,300
sq
mi)
isonthe
Indo-AustralianPlate.SurroundedbytheIndianandPacificoceans,
itisseparatedfromAsiabythe
Arafura
Timor
seas,andtheTasmanSea
lyingbetweenAustraliaandNewZealand.
Theworld'
ssmallestcontinent
andsixthlargestcountrybytotalarea.Australia--owingtoitssizeandisolation—isoftendubbedthe"
islandcontinent"
andissometimesconsideredthe
world'
slargestisland.
Australiahas34,218kilometres(21,262
mi)ofcoastline(excludingalloffshoreislands),
andclaimsanextensive
ExclusiveEconomicZone
of8,148,250squarekilometres(3,146,060
mi).ThisexclusiveeconomiczonedoesnotincludetheAustralianAntarcticTerritory.
Excluding
MacquarieIsland,Australialiesbetweenlatitudes
9°
44°
S,andlongitudes
112°
154°
E.
The
GreatBarrierReef,theworld'
slargestcoralreef,
liesashortdistanceoffthenorth-eastcoastandextendsforover2,000kilometres(1,240
mi).
MountAugustus,claimedtobetheworld'
slargestmonolith,
islocatedinWesternAustralia.At2,228metres(7,310
ft),
MountKosciuszko
ontheGreatDividingRange
isthehighestmountainontheAustralianmainland.
ssizegivesitawidevarietyoflandscapes,withtropical
rainforests
inthenorth-east,mountainrangesinthesouth-east,south-westandeast,anddrydesertinthecentre.
Itistheflattestcontinent,
withtheoldestandleastfertilesoils;
desert
orsemi-aridlandcommonlyknownasthe
outback
makesupbyfarthelargestportionofland.Thedriestinhabitedcontinent,onlyitssouth-eastandsouth-westcornershavea
temperateclimate.
populationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquarekilometre,isamongthelowestintheworld,
althoughalargeproportionofthepopulationlivesalongthetemperatesouth-easterncoastline.
3Climate
TheclimateofAustraliaissignificantlyinfluencedbyoceancurrents,includingthe
IndianOceanDipole
andthe
ElNiñ
o–SouthernOscillation,whichiscorrelatedwithperiodic
drought,andtheseasonaltropicallow-pressuresystemthatproducescyclones
innorthernAustralia.Thesefactorscauserainfalltovarymarkedlyfromyeartoyear.Muchofthenorthernpartofthecountryhasatropical,predominantlysummer-rainfall(monsoon)climate.
Thesouthwestcornerofthecountry
hasaMediterraneanclimate.
Muchofthesoutheast(includingTasmania)istemperate.
4History
HumanhabitationoftheAustraliancontinentisestimatedtohavebegunbetween42,000and48,000yearsago,
possiblywiththemigrationofpeopleby
landbridgesandshortsea-crossingsfromwhatisnowSouth-EastAsia.
ThefirstrecordedEuropeansightingoftheAustralianmainland,andthefirstrecordedEuropeanlandfallontheAustraliancontinent,areattributedtotheDutchnavigator
WillemJanszoon.HesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula
inearly1606,andmadelandfallon26Februaryatthe
PennefatherRiver
nearthemoderntownof
WeipaonCapeYork.
TheDutchchartedthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastlinesandnamedtheislandcontinent"
NewHolland"
duringthe17thcentury,butmadenoattemptatsettlement.WilliamDampier,anEnglishexplorerandprivateer,landedonthenorth-westcoastofNewHollandin1688andagainin1699onareturntrip.
In1770,
JamesCook
sailedalongandmappedtheeastcoast,whichhenamedNewSouthWalesandclaimedforGreatBritain.
WiththelossofitsAmericancoloniesin1780,theBritishGovernmentsentafleetofships,the"
FirstFleet"
underthecommandofCaptain
ArthurPhillip,toestablishanew
penalcolony
inNewSouthWales.Acampwassetupandtheflagraisedat
SydneyCove,PortJackson,on26January1788,
adatewhichbecameAustralia'
snationalday,
AustraliaDay
althoughtheBritish
CrownColony
ofNewSouthWaleswasnotformallypromulgateduntil7February1788.Thefirstsettlementledtothefoundationof
Sydney,theestablishmentoffarming,industryandcommerce;
andtheexplorationandsettlementofotherregions.
ABritishsettlementwasestablishedin
VanDiemen'
sLand,nowknownasTasmania,in1803anditbecameaseparatecolonyin1825.
TheUnitedKingdomformallyclaimedthewesternpartof
(theSwanRiverColony)in1828.
SeparatecolonieswerecarvedfrompartsofNewSouthWales:
SouthAustraliain1836,
in1851,andQueenslandin1859.
wasfoundedin1911whenitwasexcisedfromSouthAustralia.
A
goldrush
beganinAustraliaintheearly1850s
EurekaRebellion
againstmininglicencefeesin1854wasanearlyexpressionofcivildisobedience.
Between1855and1890,thesixcoloniesindividuallygained
responsiblegovernment,managingmostoftheirownaffairswhileremainingpartofthe
BritishEmpire.
TheColonialOfficeinLondonretainedcontrolofsomematters,notablyforeignaffairs,defence,
andinternationalshipping.
On1January1901,
federationofthecolonies
wasachievedafteradecadeofplanning,consultationandvoting.
TheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablishedanditbecamea
dominion
oftheBritishEmpirein1907.TheFederalCapitalTerritory(laterrenamedtheAustralianCapitalTerritory)wasformedin1911asthelocationforthefuturefederalcapitalofCanberra.Melbournewasthetemporaryseatofgovernmentfrom1901to1927whileCanberrawasbeingconstructed.
TheNorthernTerritorywastransferredfromthecontroloftheSouthAustraliangovernmenttothefederalparliamentin1911.
In1914,AustraliajoinedBritaininfightingWorldWarI,withsupportfromboththeoutgoing
CommonwealthLiberalParty
andtheincoming
AustralianLaborParty.
Australianstookpartinmanyofthemajorbattlesfoughtonthe
WesternFront.Ofabout416,000whoserved,about60,000werekilledandanother152,000werewounded.
ManyAustraliansregardthedefeatofthe
AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps
(ANZACs)atGallipoli
asthebirthofthenation—itsfirstmajormilitaryaction.
KokodaTrackcampaign
isregardedbymanyasananalogousnation-definingeventduring
WorldWarII.
Britain'
StatuteofWestminster1931
formallyendedmostoftheconstitutionallinksbetweenAustraliaandtheUK.Australia
adoptedit
in1942,
butitwasbackdatedto1939toconfirmthevalidityoflegislationpassedbytheAustralianParliamentduringWorldWarII.
TheshockoftheUnitedKingdom'
sdefeatin
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 澳大利亚 国家 概况 英文