英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释Word文件下载.doc
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英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释Word文件下载.doc
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werethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChuurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'
schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod'
selectwasthesuccessinhisoorkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod'
swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.
3、GeorgeWashington
wasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinentalAemyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUS
4、BenjaminFranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.HeparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheUSConstitution
5、TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyTomasJeffersonandadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalineablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernment:
thepowerofgovernmentcamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentsweretosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmenricanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLocke
6.TheArticlesofConfederation:
AftertheWarofIndependencewaswon,thenewnationoftheUnitedStateswasorganizedundertheagreementoftheArticlesofConfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledtheCongress.Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleditsinternalaffairs.ThestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressandwitheachother.TheCongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandtheCongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.Asaresult,theArticlesofConfederationfailed.
7.Federalsystem:
Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.
8.themakingoftheU.SConstitutionTheArticlesofConfederationfailed.TheCongressdecidedtoholdaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.Thedelegatesfrom12states(RhodeIslandrefusedtoparticipated)gatheredinPhiladelphiain1787andendupinwritinganewconstitutionandsetafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.TheConstitutionprovidedthatanelectionofthepresidentwouldbecalledfor,federallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateandaSupremeCourtwouldbesetup.ThisnewConstitutionwasfinallyapprovedbythemajorityofthecitizensinover9ofthe13statesandwasofficiallyputintoeffectin1787.
9.Theexecutivebranchisthepresident,whoiselectedtoafour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlytwotermsaccordingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentsandhandlingforeignrelations.
10.TheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.
11.EliWhitneyisanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeablepart.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.
12.SamuelSlaterIn1793,SamuelSlaterbuiltthefirstfactoryintheU.S---acottonclothfactoryinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.Hebuiltthefactoryfrommemory,becauseitwasacrimetocarryfactoryplantoutofEngland.ThesuccessofhisfactorystartedaprocessofchangethatturnedthenortheasternregionoftheUnitedStatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenterandhelpedthenationbecomeamajorcottonproducer.
13.HomelandsecurityisshortfortheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(abbreviatedasDHS).ItisfoundonMarch1,2003,andisaCabinetdepartmentoftheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentwiththeprimaryresponsibilitiesofprotectingtheterritoryoftheUSfromterroristattacksandrespondingtonaturaldisasters.Withmorethan200,000employees,DHSisthethirdlargestCabinetdepartment,aftertheDepartmentsofDefenseandVeteransAffairs.OtheragencieswithsignificanthomelandsecurityresponsibilitiesincludetheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,andEnergy.
14.Corporationisaformofbusinessorganization.Comparedwiththesoleproprietorshipandthepartnership,thecorporationmaysurvivethedeathofitsfounderorfounders.Becauseitcoulddrawonapoolofinvestor,itisamuchmoreefficienttoolforraisingthelargeamountsofcapitalneededbyexpandingbusiness.Anditenjoyslimitedliability,soinventorsonlyrisktheamountoftheirinvestmentandnottheirentireassets.
15.Serviceindustriesindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct,whichnowdominatetheeconomy.Serviceindustriesrangefrombankingtotelecommunicationstoheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.AsmoreandmorepeopleareemployedinserviceindustriesintheUS,itissometimessaidtheUShasmovedintoa“post-industrialera”
16.StockWhenstartingorexpandingbusiness,corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.Theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.Whenpeoplebuystock,theybecomepartownerofthecompany.Ifthecompanymakesaprofit,theyreceiveashareofit.Likewise,ifthecompanylosesmoney,thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop-theylosemoney.Thereforebuyingstockisarisk.
17.AgribusinessBecauseAmericanagricultureisbigbusiness,peoplecoinedtheterm“agribusiness”toreflectthelarge-scalenatureofagriculturalenterprisesinthemodernUSeconomy.Thetermcoverstheentirecomplexoffarm-relatedbusiness,fromtheindividualfarmertothemultinationalmakeroffarmchemicals.Italsoincludesfarmercooperatives,ruralbanks,shippersoffarmproducts,commoditydealers,firmsthatmanufacturefarmequipment,food-processingindustries,grocerychainsandmanyotherbusinesses.
18.MigrantworkersManybigfarmshiretemporaryworkersonlyforaspecificchore-suchaspickingcrops.Manyoftheseseasonalworkerstravelfromfarmtofarm,stayingonlyuntilthecropsarepicked.Theyareknownasmigrantworkers.
19.ReligiouslibertyTheDeclarationofIndependenceguaranteedthebasicrightofreligiousfreedomandthisrightwasapoliticalnecessity.TheFirstAmendmenttotheU.SConstitutionexplicitlyforbadethefederalgovernmenttogivespecialfavorstoanyreligionortohinderthefreepractice,orexercise,ofreligion.Whendisputesabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligionarise,Americancourtsmustsettlethem.ButAmericaninstitutionspresupposeaSupremebeingthereforeChristianityisofteninpractice,morefavoredthanotherreligions.
20.TheBaptistsarethelargestProtestantgroupinAmerica.Theybelieveinadultbaptismbyimmersion,symbolizingamatureandresponsibleconversionexperience.TheyareconcentratedparticularlyintheSouthernBibleBelt.WhiteBaptistsandblackBaptistsgoseparatelytotheirownchurches.
TheMethodistsarethesecondlargestProtestantgroupintheU.S.TheMethodistChurchhasaformofservicebasedonthatoftheChurchofEngland.
21.TheCatholicChurchisthelargestsinglereligiousgroupintheU.S.Morethan25%ofallAmericansarenowoftheRomanCatholicfaith.ThemajorityoftheCatholicaredescendantsofimmigrantsfromIreland,ItalyandPoland.Theyhavethemainstrengthintheeastcoast.InAmericanhistory,theCatholicswerediscriminatedagainst.By1960,J.F.Kennedy'
spresidentialelectionvictoryputtoresttheCatholicreligionasanissueinnationalpolitics.Today,theCatholicsareactiveinrunningtheirowninstitutions,andhaverisentopositionsofleadershipinbusiness,politicsandlabor.
22.theJewishMoreliberalProtestantandJewishclergymenjoinednon-believersinmaintainingthatabortionisabasicrightforwomen.
23.ReligiousdiversityFrontierAmericahasmadetheU.S.afertilegroundforthegrowthofnewreligiousmovements.Manyreligiouscommunitiesandsecularutopias,experimentsinnewformsofsocialliving,werefoundedin18thand19thcenturyAmerica.Manysmall,sectsandcultsappearinAmericansocietyallthetime.Theyhavecertaintendenciesincommon.Theyregardthelargersocietyashopelesslycorrupt.Someofthemneverwinalargefollowing,butsomeothersprosperandgraduateintotherankoftherespectabledenominations.Somenon-Westernreligioussuch
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