《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文Word下载.docx
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《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文Word下载.docx
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mostpowerfulimpactonhumanbeings.Film-makersusefilmasakindofartformto
expresstheirinterpretationsoflife.Therefore,moviesnotonlyentertainus,butalsoinfluenceourviewsonourselves,othersandthewholeworld.Movies,asanessential
formofmassmedia,haveplayedanimportantroleininterculturalcommunication.
I.2Aims&
Objectives
Researchoninterculturalcommunicationhelpsustoknowhowculturespermeatethroughourdailylife,leadourbehaviors,formourthinkpatternsandinfluenceourcommunicationswithpeoplewhohavediverseculturebackgrounds.Moviesaretheeffectivecarrierstobringdifferentculturestoaudiences.AlotofChinesedirectorsstandoutconspicuouslyintheworldwiththeiruniqueangleofviewsandtechniquesofexpressiontoshowChinesetraditionalculturestoforeignaudiences.Amongthem,AngLeeisthemostsuccessfulinterculturalfilms’director.WiththebackgroundofgrowingupinTaiWanandbeingeducatedinAmerica,AngLeehashisowncognitionsofculturedifferencesandintegration.ManyyearsoflivingexperienceinAmericaoffershimchancestogothroughtheprocessofinterculturaladaptationandtoformtheinterculturalpersonhood.
Fromhisfilms,theaudiencecouldseenotonlytheconflictsandintegrationsofeasternandwesternculturesbutalsoAngLee’sunderstandingsofthehumanity.Inhisearlyfilms,easternandwesternculturalconflictsarethemaintopicstodiscuss.Andinhislaterfilms,heintegrateseasternandwesternculturesandevenisbeyondeasternandwesterncultureboundariestoexploreanddiscusshumanity.Withlongtimeinterculturallifeexperience,AngLeehasformedinterculturalpersonhood.
I.3TheScopeofthisPaper
ThefirstpartintroducesAngLee’sbiography.AngLee’sinterculturalbackgroundaffordsthepossibilityforhimtoforminterculturalpersonhood.
Thesecondpartisthetheoreticalbackground.Itpresentsmanagingconflictandnegotiatingfacetheory,theinterculturaladaptationtheoryandtheoryofinterculturalpersonhood.
Thethirdpartisaveryimportantone.CrouchingTigerandHiddenDragonhasgainedabigsuccess.Easternandwesterncultureareintegratedperfectlyinthisfilm,whichshowsthatAngLeeisindualityprocessbecausehecanswitchbetweeneasternandwesternculture.Theinterculturaladaptationtheoryisadoptedheretoexplainhismind’sflexibility.
II.Theinterculturaladaptationtheory
TheInterculturaladaptationprocessoccurswhenindividualstravelfromoneculturetoanother,bothinlongandshorttermencounters.Alongwiththismovement,
thereseemstobeaprocessofadjustmentandfamiliarizationwiththenewsituation.Thesojournersseekoutspecificculturalknowledge,adoptadifferentstyleofcommunication,reservejudgmentonunfamiliarculturalpracticesorwithdrawfrominterculturalinteractions(Witter,1993>
.Interculturaladaptationisacomplexanddynamicprocesswhichisaninevitablepartofinterculturalinteractions.
2.1Theprocessofadaptation
Ifasojournerwantstostayinthenewcultureenvironmentandleadahappylife,
he/shehastogothroughtheinterculturaladaptation.Mansellpointedoutthatsojournersexperiencetoonedegreeoranotherfouremotionalandaffectivestatesintheprocessofinterculturaladaptation:
alienation,marginality,acculturation,andduality.
Alienationcausesastrongdesireinsojournerstoretainidentificationwiththeownculture.Therejectionofthehostcultureleadsustolimitoursocialcircletoacquaintancesorworkcontactsandtoseekoutourownnationalsforsocialenjoyment.Unabletoemploythenecessaryskillsforadjustment,wefeeloutofsyncwiththehostcultureandwantdesperatelytoreturnhome.
Thefeelingofmarginalityislikeasandwich,surroundingbytwodifferentcultures.Sojournersdonotknowwhichsidetheybelongto.Theywouldfeelconfusedabouttheircultureidentities.Duringthisperiod,sojournerscanonlybuildupsuperficialconnectionswithhostnationalsandcanenjoyneitherhisnativeculturenorthenewhostculture.
Acculturationoccurswhensojournersestablishastrongneedtoadoptthewayof
livingofthehostculture.Ouridentificationwiththehostculturemeansthattheprimaryculturelosesitsimportance.Inthissituationweareabletomakeintimatefriendswiththehostnationalsandareablegraduallytoreplacesomeelementsouroriginalculturewithelementsofthehostculture.Yet,movingtooquicklytoadoptthenewculturemayposefrustrationsandobstaclestoourinterculturaladaptation.
Dualitysymbolizesthateventhoughsojournersarelivingintheforeigncountries,theyhavecultivatedtheabilityofsimultaneouslyswitchingbetweennativecultureandhostculture.Duringthisperiod,sojournersareabletogaintheachievementofbeingindependentandsubjectiveaboveprimarycultureandhostculture.Open-mindednessandflexibilityarenecessaryformaintainingthisabilityandestablishingthecontinuity.
2.2Interculturalpersonhood
Whensojournersgointodualityperiod,theirflexibilitycanhelpthemengagein
buildingaremarkablenewpersonhood---interculturalpersonhood.Culturalidentityin
itspureformhasbecomemoreanostalgicconceptthanareality.Interculturalpersonhoodisawayoflifeinwhichanindividualdevelopsanidentityandadefinitionofselfthatintegrates,ratherthanseparates,humanity.Interculturalpersonhoodprojectsakindofhumandevelopmentthatisopentogrowth---agrowthbeyondtheperimetersofone’sownculturalupbringing(Kim,Y.1996:
434>
.Interculturalpersonhoodisanintegrationofeasternandwesternperspectives.Withtheinterculturalpersonhood,thesojournersareabletoconciliatecontradictoryelementsandtransformthemintocomplementary,interactingpartsofasinglewhole.Theemerginginterculturalpersonhood,then,isaspecialkindofmindsetthatpromisesgreaterfitnessinourincreasinglyinterculturalworld(Kim,2001>
.
Thecurrentdiscussionofinterculturalpersonhoodowesmuchtothewritingsof
severalprominentthinkersofthe20thcenturywhohaveexploredideologieswithnationalandculturalinterestsandthatembraceallhumanity.OnesuchworkisNorthrop’sThemeetingofEastandWest(1996>
inwhichan“internationalcultureideal”waspresentedasawaytoprovideintellectualandemotionalfoundationsforwhatheenvisionedas“partialworldsovereignty.”InspirationhasalsobeendrawnfromtheworkofTompson(1973>
whichexploredtheideaof“planetaryculture,”orhowEasternmysticismwasintegratedwithWesternscienceandrationalism.TheprimarysourcesforthecurrentanalysisofEasternandWesternculturaltraditionsalsoincludeNakamura’sWayofThoughtofEasternPeople(1964>
Campbell’sThePowerpfMyth(1988>
Gulick’sTheEasternandtheWest(1963>
Oliver’sCommunicationandCultureinAncientIndiaandChina(1971>
Capra’sTheTaoofPhysics(1975>
andHall’sBeyondculture(1976>
andTheDanceofLife(1983>
Theemergenceofinterculturalpersonhoodisadirectfunctionofdramaticallyincreasinginterculturalcommunicationactivities.Communicatingacrossculturalidentityboundariesisoftenchallengingbecauseitprovokesquestionsaboutpeople’spresumedculturalpremisesandhabits,aswellaspeople’sinevitableintergroupposturingandtheus-and-thempsychologicalorientation(Kim,1995>
.Yetitispreciselysuchchallengesthatofferusopeningsfornewculturallearning,self-awareness,andpersonalgrowth(Kim,1988,1995>
.Thegreatertheseverityofinterculturalchallenges,thegreaterthepotentialforreinventionofaninnerselfthatgoesbeyondtheboundariesofouroriginalculturalconditioning.Inthisprocess,ouridentityistransformedgraduallyandimperceptiblyfromanascribedorassignedidentitytoanachievedoradoptedidentity—anemergentinterculturalpersonhoodatahigherlevelofintegration.
Suchanidentitytransformationtakesplaceinaprogressionofstages.Ineachstage,newconcepts,attitudes,andbehaviorsareincorporatedintoanindividual’spsychologicalmakeup.Aspreviouslyunknownlifepatternsareetchedintoournervoussystems,theybecomepartofournewpsyches.
Theevolutionofouridentityfromculturaltointerculturalisfarfromsmoothoreasy.Momentsofintensestresscanreversetheprocessatanytimebecauseindividualsmayindeedregresstowardreidentifyingwiththeirorigins,havingfoundthealienationandmalaiseinvolvedinmaintaininganewidentitytoomuchofastrain.Suchstrainmaytakevariousformsofanidentitycrisisandculturalmarginality.Yetthestressexperiencealsochallengesindividualstoaccommodatenewculturalelementsandbecomemorecapableofmakingdeliberateandappropriatechoicesaboutactionassituationsdemand.
III.ConflictsbetweenChineseandWesternCultureReflectedinPushingHands
Inthemuti-languagebackground,AngLeealwaystriestomeettherequirementofeasternandwesternaudiences.CrouchingTigerandHiddenDragon,usingwestern
narrativemodetotellaChinesestory,showstheaudiencetheChinesespiritandwestern’sthinkingpatterns(Xu,2001>
.Thefilmisaroaringsuccess,nomatterintheperspectiveofcommercialvalueortheculturalvalue.ThisfilmisthefirstChinesefilmwhichisplayedinthemainAmericantheater.Throughthisfilm,ChineseWuxiacultureisfirstlydeliveredtowesternaudiencesandfirstlyacceptedbywesternmainstreamculture.Fromhisfilms’success,weknowAngLeeclearlyknowshisculturalidentityandthehumanity.HisfilmsattractnotonlyChineseaudiences
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