英国文学2Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英国文学2Word文档下载推荐.docx
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PoliticalandIdeological思想上的
1.politicalbackgroundfromtheRevolutionof1688totheendofthe18thcentury
(1)Eventually,JamesⅡhadtofleein1688,andWilliamofOrangeandMaryhiswifebecamejointsovereignontheEnglishthrone.Itwascalledthe“glorious”revolutionbutactuallyitwasthebeginningoftheso-called“constitutionalmonarchy”(君主立宪政体)inwhichthecrownwasmoreorlessafigurehead傀儡andrealauthoritywasinthehandsofparliamentandofthecabinetresponsibletoparliament.
(2)Theinventionoftextilemachinesandothermachinerytowardthemiddleofthe18thcenturyledgraduallytotheindustrialrevolution.
(3)AmericanRevolutionortheAmericanWarofIndependencewhichcameasaresultofgreattyrannyandoppressionofthecolonialpeoplethereandwhichendedinthedefeatoftheEnglishtroopsandthewinningofindependencefortheAmericanpeople.
2.TheenlightenmentinEnglandanditseffectuponEnglishliteratureofthe18thcentury
(1)TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.
(2)LenincharacterizedtheEnlightenersbysayingthattheyhadbitterhostility敌对状态towardserfdom农奴制andallthatwentwithitintheeconomic,socialandjuristicfields,thattheystronglyadvocatededucationandself-governmentandfreedomforthemassesofpeople,thattheyassertedtherightsandinterestsofthepeople,chieflyofthepeasants.
(3)Theenlightenmentwasabourgeoismovement.资产阶级运动
(4)Theenlightenerswerecalledsuchbecausewhattheyconsideredtobethechiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywas“enlightenment”or“education”forthepeople.Inotherwords,theybelievedinthepowerofreason,andthatiswhythe18thcenturyinEnglandhasoftenbeencalled“theageofreason”理性时代.
(5)Thephilosophersandwritersandevenscientists(likeIssacNewton)oftheEnglishEnlightenmentdidnotexactlyrejectofficialreligion,thoughDeism自然神论andmaterialisticphilosophywerewidelyacceptedandtheofficialChristianchurchvainlytriedtocombatalltheunorthodox非正统的philosophicalteachingevenamongtheclergy,whilemostoftheEnlightenersbelievedthatsocialproblemscouldnotbesolvedbychurchdoctrine教义orbythepowerofGodbutshouldbetackledwithhumanintelligence.
(6)JohnLocke(1632-1704),oneofthegreatestofEnglishphilosopherspointedoutthatknowledgeistobeobtainednotthroughintuitionbutfromsensationandexperience,fromexperimentsandobservationsoffacts,andthatgeneralizationsmustbearrivedatthroughtheoperationsthoughtontheparticulars.
(7)Inthetwofieldsofreligionandsciencewefindhisdualismofmaterialismandidealism.Hisphilosophywas,onthewhole,thatofrationalismandutilitarianism功利主义.
(8)TheDeistsadmittedtheirbeliefinaSupremeBeingorGodasthecreatoroftheworldofnature,buttheyglorifiedreasonandrejectedtheso-called“revealed”religionaswellasthesupernaturaldoctrinesofChristianity.TheinfluenceofDeismwasespeciallygreatupontheworksofAlexanderPope.
(9)ThetwogreatEnglishphilosophersinthe18thcentury,followinginthestepsofJohnLocke,wereGeorgeBerkeleyandDavidHume.
(10)HumerejectedLocke’sbeliefinamaterialsubstanceaswellasBerkeley’sbeliefinaspiritualsubstance.Accordingtohimthecontinuedexistenceofobjectsdistinctfromperception感知,观念isanillusion.Sohisphilosophywasthatofskepticism怀疑主义,accordingtowhichnothingcanbeknownbythemindbutitsown“impression”(sensations)and“ideas”(faintcopiesofimpressions).
(11)Butwhatevermightbethephilosophicaltheoriesadvancedbythedifferentphilosophers,whetheritbethedualismofmaterialismandidealismofLockeorthephilosophicalimmaterialismofBerkeleyortheskepticismofHumeorthenaturalreligionoftheDeists,rationalismwasthecommondemandofall,andthatmeanttheendoftheabsoluteruleofsupernaturalisminChristianreligionandtheattemptsofalltheEnlightenersatleasttofightagainstallthingsunnaturalandunreasonableinthesocietyandtohopeformorenaturalandrationalhumanrelations.
(12)AmongtheEnglishenlightenersofthe18thcenturytherewerechieflytwogroups.
●Onegroupsupportedessentiallytheprinciplesoftheexistingsocialorderthatevolvedoutofthetworevolutionsof1640and1688andconsideredthatpartialreformswouldbesufficient.
人物:
chieflyPope,AddisonandSteele,andRichardson.
●TheothergroupoftheEnlighteners,themoreradicalwing激进,struggledformoreresolutedemocratization坚决民主化inthemanagementofthegovernmentandevenpartlydefendedtheinterestsoftheexploited剥削laboringmasses.
人物:
Swift,Fielding,Smollett,SheridanandalsoGoldsmith.
(13)Englishliteratureofthe18thcentury,fromthegrowthanddevelopmentoftheEnlightenmenttoitseventualcrisis,maythereforebeconvenientlydividedintothreemajorperiodsorstages.(9-10页)
●Firstperiodwascharacterizedbytheso-calledneo-classicism新古典主义inpoetry,ofwhichtheleadingfigurewasAlexanderPope.
DuringthisperiodaroseanewproseliteratureintheessaysofAddisonandSteeleandinthefirstrealisticfictionofDefoeandSwift.
●ThesecondormorecriticalperiodoftheEnlightenment:
realisticnovelsofRichardson,FieldingandSmollett.(1740’s-1750’s)
●ThethirdandlastperiodoftheEnlightenment,coveringthelastdecadesofthe18thcenturyandcharacterizedbythedeclineoftheEnlightenment,wasmarkedbytheappearanceofnewliterarytendenciesofsentimentalism感伤主义(EdwardYoung,ThomasGray,LaurenceSterneandOliverGoldsmith)andpre-romanticism(WilliamBlake,RobertBurnsandRichardBrinsleySheidan).
Section2EnglishLiteratureinearly18thcentury
1.Neo-ClassicisminEnglishliteratureinearly18thcentury:
AlexanderPope
(1)AlexanderPope:
in1711,appearedPope’sfamous“Essay”onCriticism”whichfirsttablishedhisreputationasapoet.
(2)“TheRapeoftheLock”夺发记whichfirstappearedintwocantoesandeenjoyedagreatandinstantaneoussuccess,andthenitwasexpandedbythepoetintofivecantoesandrepublishedin1714.
(3)PopespentnearlytenyearsonthetranslationofHomer,finishingthe“Iliad”andthe“Odessey”.Afterthathewrotetwowell-knownworks“AnEssayonMan”andthefour“MoralEssays”.
(4)Popespentanumberofyearswritingandtouchinguphisgreatsatiricalpoem“TheDunciad”(群愚史诗).
(5)“AnEssayonCriticism”,conceivedaftertheRomanpoetHorace’s“ArsPoetica”andtheFrenchcriticBoileau’s“ArtPoetique”,wasamanifesto宣言ofEnglishneo-classicismasPopeutteredhisaesthetictheoriesofpoetry.ThentheAncients(particularlyHomerandVirgil)arepraisedandtheirruleswhichareregardedas“methodized”naturearetobestudiedandturnedtoforguidance.Finallytheauthorgivestherulestobeadoptedbythecriticsandtraces追溯到thehistoryofliterarycriticismfromAristotledowntoBoileauandRoscommon.FollowingtheexampleofDryden’s“EssayofDramaticPoesy”,Pope’s“AnEssayonCriticism”wasacomprehensivestudyofthetheoriesofliterarycriticism,butPopedealtwithcriticismonpoetryratherthanondramaandheexpressedhisviewsinverseinsteadofprose.BothDrydenandPopewerefollowinginthestepsoftheneo-classicistsofFranceinthe17thcentury,butneitherofthemwasaslavishimitator奴役型的模仿者oftheAncients(theancientGreekandRomanauthors).
(6)“TheRapeoftheLock”waswrittenintheformofamock-heroicpoem,composedoriginallywiththeideaofassuaging缓和,减轻theenmity敌意betweentwofamiliesarisingoutofthe“rape”ofthe“lock”.ItshowsPope’sachievementinthefieldofsocialsatireanditsinfluenceuponByron’ssimilarsatiricalpicturesoftheidlearistocraticlife懒散的贵族生活inEnglandin“DonJuan”isquiteobvious.
(7)“TheDunciad”,writtenandrecastandthenenlargedintofourbooksthroughthefifteenyearsofPope’slife,wasundoubtedlyoneofthemoreimportantworksofthepoet.Althoughthepoemisfullofbitterpersonalattacksonthepoet’snumerouspersonalenemiesandonthisaccounthasbeenmuchdeprecated抨击,itneverthelessisnotaloneapowerfulsatireonPope’srivalwritersintheveinofpurepersonalenmitybutitalsogivesinthespiritoftheEnlightenmentabroadsatiricalpictureofthewholeliterarylifeinearly18thcenturyEngland.
(8)OfPope’simportantworksofhislastyearshis“EssayonMan”and“MoralEssays”hadspecialsignificanceinindicatingthepoet’spoliticalviewsandphilosophicalinclinations倾向.
(9)“MoralEssays”,consistingchieflyoffourepistles书信,revealsalsoPope’sviewsonpracticalmoralityforwhichhewasindebtedtotheDeists,especiallytoBolingbroke.
(10)Popewasknownasagreatpoetinhisdayandheexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersoftheage.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalismandgreaterinterestinthehumanworld,thoughheupheldthestatusquo现状,politicalandsocialandphilosophical,ofhisday.Hewasagreatsatirist.Heoccupiedsuchaprominentplaceintheliteraryworldofhistimethatnotinfrequentlytheliteraryepochofearly18thcenturyEnglandhasbeennamedafterhimastheageofPope.Today,thoughwewouldnotratehimamongthetrulygreatpoetsinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishliterature,heshouldatleastberememberedforhiscontributionsasanEnlightener,andfinallyasawriterwhoexerted施加hisgreatinfluenceupontheliteratureofhisowndayandoflatercenturies,especiallyuponByron.
3.Dani
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