高中化学必修2知识点归纳人教版文档格式.docx
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高中化学必修2知识点归纳人教版文档格式.docx
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7subgroup;
agroup0;
agroupVIII(8,9,10andthreelongitudinal))
ThemaingroupA7consistsofshortcycleelementsandlongcycleelements
SubgroupB7completelybylongperiodofelementsofGroupVIIIandallsubgroupknownastransitionmetalelements
VIII13longitudinal
Neutral1raregaselementisnotverylively
Alkalimetallithium,sodium,potassium,rubidium,cesium,francium(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr)
Structurebecausetheoutermostlayerisonlyoneelectron,easytoloseelectrons,showing+1price,
Thedensityofphysicalpropertiesincreasesgraduallyandgraduallyincreases
Themeltingpointgraduallydecreases(abnormally)
Chemically,thenumberofelectronsoutsidethenucleusincreases,andtheoutermostelectronsarefartherawayfromthenucleus,
Graduallyincreasingtheabilitytoloseelectrons,themetalgraduallyincreased,themoreactivemetal
Halogenfluorine,chlorine,bromine,iodineorastatine(F,Cl,Br,I,At)
Structurebecausetheoutermostlayerhas7electrons,easytogetelectrons,showing-1price,
Thedensityofphysicalpropertiesincreasesgradually
Theboilingpointisgraduallyrising(normal)
Color,status,colorgraduallydeepen,gas~liquidtosolid
Solubilitygraduallydecreases
Theelectroncapacitydecreasesgradually,andthenonmetalgraduallydecreases,andthemetalbecomesinactive
Reactedviolentlywithhydrogen:
F2>
Cl2>
Br2>
I2
HydridestabilityHF>
HCl>
HBr>
HI
Hydrideaqueoussolution,acidicHF<
HCl<
HBr<
HI(HFisweakacid,aweakthreestrong)
Themorestablehydridesare,themoredifficultitistoionizeinwaterandtheweakertheacidity
Three.Nuclide
Atomicmassismainlydeterminedbythemassofprotonsandneutrons.
Massnumber(A)=thenumberofprotons(Z)+10subnumber(N)
Anatomofanatomofacertainnumberofprotonsandacertainnumberofneutrons
Isotopesofisotopeswiththesamenumberofprotonsanddifferentnumbersofneutronsarecalledisotopesofdifferentatoms
"
Parity"
meansthattheprotonnumberisthesame,thepositionintheperiodictableisthesame,thenuclidereferstoasingleatom,andtheisotopereferstotherelationshipbetweenthenuclides
Theisotopicpropertiesofthesameelementarealmostthesame,butthephysicalpropertiesaredifferent
Inanaturallyoccurringelement,whetherfreeorcompound,theabundancesofvariousisotopes(atomicpercentages)aregenerallyunchanged
I.stepsofelectronsoutsideanatomicnucleus
Layerordinal1234567
ElectroniclayersymbolsK,L,M,N,O,P,Q
Farfromthenucleus,fromneartofar
Energyfromlowtohigh
Themaximumnumberofelectronsineachlayershallbe2x12=2,2x22=8,2x32=18,2x42=32,2x52=50,2x62=72,2x72=98
Nonmetallicandmetallicproperties(generallaw):
Electronicouterlayer,electronnumbergainandloss,electrontrend,elementproperties
Metalelement<
4iseasilylostinmetal
Nonmetallicelements>
4areeasilynonmetallic
Determinethestrengthofmetalmetal:
non-metallicnon-metallicstrengthjudgment:
Water(acid)reactwithhydrogentomakehydrogenmoreactive.Themoreactiveitis,theeasieritistocombinewithhydrogen,andthemorestableandmoreactivethehydrideisproduced,
Thehighestpriceisstrongerandmoreactivealkalineoxidehydratehighhydratemoreacidicoxidemorelively
Livelymetalreplacement,lesslively,metallively,non-metallicreplacement,lessactivenon-metallic
Thenegativemetalofthegalvaniccellismoreactivethanthatofthepositiveelectrode
Periodiclawofelements:
thepropertiesofelementsundergoperiodicchangeswithincreasingatomicnumberofelements.Thislawiscalledtheperiodiclawofelements
1A,themoreleftthelower,themoreactivemetal,thegreatertheradiusoftheatom,theoutermostlayerofthefartherfromthenucleus,thestrongerthereducibility.
Themoreeasilyandwater(oracid)H2reactionisintense,highalkalineoxidehydratesmorestrong
B,themoretheright,themorenon-metallic,themoreactive,thesmallertheradiusoftheatom,theoutermostlayerclosertothenucleus,thestrongertheoxidation.
ThemoreeasyandH2combinationisfiercer,thehighestpriceofthemoreacidicoxidehydrate
2.Methodsforinferringshortperiodelements(second,thirdcycles)
Blockdiagram:
Asecondcycles,iftheprotonnumberofAisZ
CBDthirdcycles,iftheoutermostelectronnumberofAisa
Z2+a
Z+7,Z+8,Z+9,9+a,10+a,11+a
Therelationbetweenthepropertiesof2.elementsandthepositionofelementsintheperiodictable
I,II,IIIAAA,A,A,IVVVIandVIIAA0
One
2B
3AlSi
4GeAs
5SbTe
6PoAt
Seven
Relationshipbetweenthevalenceoftheelementpositionintheperiodictable:
Themainelementsare:
thehighestprice=highestnumberis+threevalencegroupminimumnegativevalence,=8
Periodictableofelements:
periodicordinal=Electronlayernumber;
principalgroupordinal=outermostelectronnumber;
Atom:
atomicnumber=nuclearprotonnumber=nuclearchargenumber=outercoreelectronnumber
Chemicalbond
Ionicbond:
thechemicalbondbetweenanionandcationformedbyelectrostaticinteractionbetweenmetalandnonmetalatoms
Covalentbond:
thechemicalbondbetweenatomsbysharingelectrons;
betweentwononmetallicatoms
Nonpolarcovalentbonds:
thesamenonmetallicatomformsacovalentbond(anelectronpairisnotdeflected)betweentwoidenticalnonmetallicatoms
Polarcovalentbond:
theformationofacovalentbond(anelectronpair)betweentwodifferentnonmetallicatoms
He,Ar,Ne,andotherraregasesaremonatomicmolecules,andthereisnochemicalbondbetweenmolecules
Covalentcompoundshavecovalentbondsandmustnotcontainionicbonds;
ioniccompoundshaveionicbondsandmaycontaincovalentbonds
Thesecondchapter,chemicalenergyandheatenergy
Inreaction,theoldchemicalbondsbreakdown,absorbenergy,formnewchemicalbondsafterreaction,andthenformandreleaseenergy
SigmaE(reactant)>
SigmaE(generator)-emitsenergy
SigmaE(reaction)lessthanSigmaE(generator)-absorbsenergy
Twobasiclawsofnature,thelawofconservationofmass,andthelawofconservationofenergy
Acommonexothermicreaction;
acommonendothermicreaction
CombustionreactionofBa(OH)8H2O+2NH4Cl==BaCl2+2NH3=+10H2O2?
Neutralizationreaction,CO2+C=CO
ThermitreactionNH4NO3solubleinwater(shakeice)
Secondsectionsofchemicalandelectricalenergy
NegativeZn2e=Zn2+(Zn+2H+=Zn2++H2=oxidation)
Positive2H++2e=H2=(reduction),currentdirectionofelectronflowtoZnCutoZnCu
Theconditionofaprimarycell:
adevicethatconvertschemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy
Therearetwokindsofmovablemetal(ornonmetalconductor)usedaselectrodes,whichareactivetonegativeelectronloss
Redoxreactionbetweenactivemetalandelectrolytesolution.Thetwopolesareconnectedtoformaclosedcircuit
Twotimesbattery:
rechargeablebattery,twoenergy:
afteraprimaryenergyprocessing,conversionofenergy
Commonbatteries,drycells,leadbatteries,silverzincbatteries,cadmiumnickelbatteries,fuelcells(alkaline)
Thirdratesandlimitsofchemicalreactions
Theconceptofachemicalreactionrateexpressedasadecreaseintheconcentrationofreactantsoranincreaseintheconcentrationofanagentperunittime.
Unit:
mol/(L?
S)ormol/(L?
Min)expressionofV(B)=DeltaC/deltaT
Thesamereactionspeedrateexpressedbycoefficientofdifferentsubstancesandisproportionaltothereactionequation
Theinternalcause(mainfactor)affectingtherateofchemicalreaction:
thechemicalpropertiesofthesubstancesinvolvedinthereaction
Externalconcentration,pressure,temperature,catalystparticlesize
Thelargerthechange,thehighertheheightandthesmallerthesurfacearea
Speedaffectsfast,fast,fast,fast,fast
Thelimitofachemicalreaction:
theextenttowhichareversiblereactioncanbecarriedout(nottotheend)
Thelimitthatthereactioncanreach:
whenthereversiblereactionispositive,thereactionrateisthesameastheinversereactionrate,theconcentrationofreactantsandtheproductarenotchanged,andabalancestateisreachedonthesurface"
.
Thecondition,concentration,pressure,temperatureofchemicalequilibrium
Controlofchemicalreactionconditions
Itisusuallynecessarytoconsidertwopointsasmuchaspossibletomakethefuelburnsufficientlyandincreasetheutilizationratioofrawmaterial:
Oneistohaveenoughairwhenburning;
two,thereisalargeenoughcontactareabetweenthefuelandtheair
Thirdchapterorganiccompound
Section1thesimplestorganiccompoundmethane
TheoxidationreactionofCH4(g)2O2(g),CO2(g)+2H2O(L)
ThesubstitutionreactionofCH4Cl2(g),CH3Cl+HCl
Alkaneformula:
CnH2n+2n=4foral
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