英语国家概况.ppt
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英语国家概况.ppt
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VIII.QueenMaryI,(XXXVIII.1553-1558)ShewasthefirstdaughterofHenry8th.ShebelievedhermissionwastorestoreRomanCatholicismandtoforgeanalliancewithCatholicSpain.ShepersecutedtheProtestantsandgotthenickname,BloodyMary,BloodyMary,QueenMaryIgotmarriedwithPhilipofHapsburgwholaterbecametheKingofSpain(1556-1598).,Wyatt(1521-54,HeregardedtheQueensmarriageasanoutrageonthenationshonoranditwouldbringEnglandunderRomanCatholicandSpanishinfluence.HewonthesupportoftroopsthathadturnedagainsttheQueen.,IX.QueenElizabethI,(XXXIX.1558-1603)ShewastheseconddaughterofHenryVIII.ShewasthelastTudorstoruleEngland.QueenElizabethIProvedtobeastrongmonarchwhoneverletheradvisorsdominateherandremainedunmarried.,1.ElizabethandParliamentGenerallyspeaking,ElizabethwasabletoworkwithParliament.ThiswasbecausethePuritansintheHouseofCommonswerestillloyaltotheQueenalthoughtheydemandedfurtherreligiousreform;ElizabethonlycalledParliamentatinfrequentintervalswhensheneededitspoliticalsupport.Besides,ElizabethavoidedtroublingParliamenttoooftenforpoundsbymakingstricteconomiesatCourt.,27,PuritanismbeganduringthereignofElizabethI.,ButElizabethsrelationshipwithParliamentwasoftenturbulent.ParliamenthadgrowninstatussinceHenryVIIIsdayandhopedtoreceiverecognitionofthisintwoways.Itwisheditscustomaryrightoffreespeechconfirmedinwriting;anditwantedtobeallowedtostartdiscussionofimportantquestionsatwill,notbyinvitation.Elizabethwouldnotpermiteitherthing.Theyconflictedwithherroyalprerogativetodecidecertainimportantquestionsherself.Elizabethtreated5questionsaspersonalandprivate.Thesewereherreligion,hermarriage,herforeignpolicy,thesuccessiontothethrone,andherfinance.,TheSeparatists,2.ElizabethsReligiousReformElizabethsreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.ShebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland,i.e.keepingtoCatholicdoctrinesandpracticesbuttobefreeofthePapalcontrol.HerreligioussettlementwasunacceptabletoboththeextremeProtestantsknownasPuritansandtoardentCatholics.ElizabethIspentnearly20yearsresistingCatholicattemptstoeitherdethroneorassassinateher.SomeCatholicswishedtoputherCatholiccousinMaryStuart,QueenofScots,onthethroneandreturntoCatholicism.,Mary,QueenofScotswastryingtocapturetheEnglishthrone.Shewasdescendedthroughhermother,Margaret,fromHenryVII.MaryQueenofScotswasforcedbyhersubjectstoabdicatethethroneinScotlandbecauseshewasimplicatedinthemurderofherhusband.Elizabeth,believingthatbykillingMaryshewouldonlybeteachingotherstokillher,hadherimprisoned.Butafterrepeatedplotsfromprison,mostlyinvolvingtheassistanceofSpain,Elizabethfinallyhadherbeheaded.Elizabethneverhadanychildren,butshestipulatedthatMaryQueenofScotsson,JamesVIofScotland,shouldsucceedhertothethrone.Hedid,becomingJamesIofEngland.,2.ElizabethsforeignpolicyFornearly30yearsElizabethsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherthetwogreatCatholicpowers,FranceandSpain,andpreventedEnglandfromgettinginvolvedinanymajorEuropeanconflict.Throughhermarriageallianceswhichwerenevermaterialized,ElizabethmanagedtomaintainafriendlyrelationshipwithFrance.SoEnglandwasabletofacethedangerfromSpain.AfterMaryQueenofScotwasexecutedin1587,PhilipIIofSpain,withtheblessingofthePope,madeanattempttoinvadeEnglandinJuly,1588,tooverthrowElizabeth,tobringEnglandbacktoCatholicismandtostopEnglishassistancetotheNetherlandswhereProtestantrebelswereinrevoltagainsttheirSpanishmasters.ThedestructionoftheSpanishArmadashowedEnglandssuperiorityasanavalpower.ItalsoenabledEnglandtobecomeagreattradingandcolonizingcountryintheyearstocome.,TheSpanishArmada,AngeredbytheEnglishraidsandfrustratedbythefailureofplotsagainstQueenElizabeth,theSpanishKingPhilipIIdecidedtoinvadeEnglandin1588.Heorganizedthestrongestfleetatthattime,theArmadaincludedabout130ships.,Philipdispatchedafleetof130vesselstolandinandconquerEngland.TheArmada(theSpanishfleet)saileduptheEnglishChannel.ButtheyprovednomatchforthesmallerBritishshipsand,havingsufferedheavylosses,theyweredispersedbyastronggale.Drivenfurtherandfurthernorth,theywereforcedtosailroundtheNorthofScotlandanddownthecoastofIreland.Manyoftheships,however,werewreckedintheirpassage,andonly53returnedtotheirhomeports.,31,Armada,X.TheEnglishRenaissance,(startedfromtheendofthe15thcentury),1.DefinitionRenaissancewastherevivalofclassicalliteratureandartisticstylesinEuropeanhistory.ThewordisfromFrench,meaningrebirth,andwasfirstappliedbytheSwisshistorianJakobBurckhardtin1860.RenaissancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,coveringtheyears1350-1650.TheRenaissancewasaperiodofsignificantachievementandchange.ItsawthechallengeofthesupremacyoftheRomanCatholicChurchbytheReformation,theriseofHumanism,thegrowthoflargenation-states,thefar-rangingvoyagesofexploration,andanewemphasisontheimportanceoftheindividual.,OriginTheRenaissancebeganinnorthernItalyintheearly14thcentury,andwastypifiedbytheuniversalgeniusofLeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519).InEngland1theRenaissancewasusuallythoughtofasbeginningwiththeaccessionoftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.Politically,thismarkstheendoftheperiodofcivilwaramongtheoldfeudalaristocracyinmid-15thcentury,andtheestablishmentofamodern,efficient,centralizedstate.Technically,thedateisclosetothatoftheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton(1422-1491).Culturally,thefirstimportantperiodinEnglandwasthereignofthesecondTudormonarch,HenryVI.ThiswastheperiodoftheEnglishhumanistssuchasSirThomasMore(1478-1535)andthepoetSirThomasWyatt(1503-1542).,LeonardodaVinci.interestintheindividual,characteristicsTheEnglishculturewasrevitalizednotsomuchdirectlybytheclassicsasbycontemporaryEuropeansundertheinfluenceoftheclassics;EnglandasaninsularcountryfollowedacourseofsocialandpoliticalhistorywhichwastoagreatextentindependentofthecourseofhistoryelsewhereinEurope;owingtothegreatgeniusofthe14th-centurypoetChaucer,thenativeliteraturewassufficientlyvigorousandexperiencedinassimilatingforeigninfluenceswithoutbeingsubjectedbythem;EnglishRenaissanceliteratureisprimarilyartistic,ratherthanphilosophicalandscho1aly;theRenaissancecoincidedwiththeReformationinEngland.,4.Drama,ChristopherMarlowe,(1564-1593)Hewasaskilledpoetandplaywright,Producedanumberofoutstandingworksduringhisbriefcareer.HismajordramaincludeTamburlainetheGreat,DoctorFaustus,andTheJewofMalta.,BenJohnson(1572-1637),HewasapoetanddramatistandthelastmajorliteraryfigureoftheElizabethanperiod.Johnsonwasastudentofclassicalliterature,andhisplaysremindthereaderofGreekdrama.Volpone,hisbest-knownplay,wasfirstproducedin1606.,WilliamShakespeare,(1564-1616)Hewrotelyricpoetrybutisbestknownforhisdramas,bothtragediesandcomedies,whichwereproducedontheLondonstage.HisplayswhichdealtwiththeentirerangeofthehumanexperiencemadegreatinfluenceinusingEnglishasthenationslanguage.,5.Poetry,EdmundSpenser,(1552-1599)Hewasregardedbyhiscontemporariesastheleadingpoetoftheage.Thefirstsixbooksofhisunfinishedmasterpiece,theFaerieQueen,werepublishedin1596.Thiswasaromanticepic,basedonanItalianmodel.,JohnMiltonsParadiseLost,1667,ThomasLinacre,HewasapupilofSellings,andspentseveralyearsinItalystudyingtheclassicsandmedicineandearningamedicaldegree.HewasthefounderoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians.HewasborninLondonin1460anddiedinLondonin1524.,11,WilliamGrocyn,JohnColet,ThomasMore(1478-1535),HestudiedunderLinacre,GrocynandColet.AfterstudyingtheclassicsatOxford,hestudiedlawattheInnsofCourtinLondon.Enteringtheserviceofthemonarchy,hebecamelordchancellor.,SirThomasMore,thegreatestEnglishhumanist,“Utopia”,13,Summary:
KingHenryVIIestablishedtheHouseofTudor.HenryVIIsgreatestachievementwashisrestorationoforderandstabilitytothekingdom.HenryVIIIsucceededinbreakingEnglandstieswiththepapacy.TheRenaissancebeganinthefourteenthcenturyinItaly.InthefifteenthcenturytheEnglishscholarsbroughtRenaissancefromEuropetoEngland.,HenryVIIstartedtheTudorDynasty.JohnCabotwasthefirstEnglishexplorerwhofoundtheNorthAmerica.TheEnglishRenaissancestartedintheendofthefifteenthCentury.QueenMarytriedtorestoretheCatholicismandpersecutedtheprotestants.QueenElizabethIwasthelastmonarchoftheTudorsandsheledEnglandtohavedefeatedtheSpanishArmada.Hertimeiscalledthegoldenage.,
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