Mount Rushmore文档格式.docx
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Mount Rushmore文档格式.docx
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Location
PenningtonCounty,SouthDakota,U.S.
Nearestcity
Keystone,SouthDakotaNearestcity:
Keystone,SouthDakota
Coordinates
43°
52′44.21″N103°
27′35.37″W/43.8789472°
N103.459825°
W/43.8789472;
-103.459825Coordinates:
-103.459825
Area
1,278.45
acres(5.17km2)
Established
March3,1925Established:
March3,1925
Visitors
(in
2006)2,757,971
Governingbody
NationalParkService
MountRushmoreNationalMemorialisasculpturecarvedintothegranitefaceofMountRushmorenearKeystone,SouthDakota,intheUnitedStates.SculptedbyGutzonBorglumandlaterbyhissonLincolnBorglum,MountRushmorefeatures60-foot(18m)sculpturesoftheheadsofformerUnitedStatespresidents(inorderfromlefttoright)GeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,TheodoreRooseveltandAbrahamLincoln.[1]Theentirememorialcovers1,278.45
acres(5.17km2)[2]andis5,725
feet(1,745m)abovesealevel.[3]
SouthDakotahistorianDoaneRobinsoniscreditedwithconceivingtheideaofcarvingthelikenessesoffamouspeopleintotheBlackHillsregionofSouthDakotainordertopromotetourismintheregion.Robinson'
sinitialideawastosculpttheNeedles;
however,GutzonBorglumrejectedtheNeedlessiteandchosethelargerMountRushmore.Borglumalsodecidedthesculptureshouldhaveamorenationalfocus,andchosethefourpresidentswhoselikenesseswouldbecarvedintothemountain.Aftersecuringfederalfunding,constructiononthememorialbeganin1927,andthepresidents'
faceswerecompletedbetween1934and1939.UponGutzonBorglum'
sdeathinMarch1941,hissonLincolnBorglumtookoverconstruction.Thoughtheinitialconceptcalledforeachpresidenttobedepictedfromheadtowaist,lackoffundingforcedconstructiontoendinOctober1941.
TheU.S.NationalParkServicetookcontrolofthememorialin1933,whileitwasstillunderconstruction,andmanagesthememorialtothepresentday.Itattractsapproximatelytwomillionpeopleannually.[4]
Contents
[hide]
∙1History
∙2Controversy
∙3Ecology
∙4Geology
∙5Tourism
∙6Popularculture
∙7Notesandreferences
∙8Seealso
∙9Furtherreading
∙10Externallinks
[edit]History
Seealso:
ConstructionofMountRushmore
MountRushmorepriortoconstruction,photographedaround1905.
ThecarvingofMountRushmoreinvolvedtheuseofdynamite,followedbytheprocessof"
honeycombing"
.[5]Abouttwomilliontonsofrockwereblastedoffthemountainside.
OriginallyknowntotheLakotaSiouxasSixGrandfathers,themountainwasrenamedafterCharlesE.Rushmore,aprominentNewYorklawyer,duringanexpeditionin1885.[6]Atfirst,theprojectofcarvingRushmorewasundertakentoincreasetourismintheBlackHillsregionofSouthDakota.AfterlongnegotiationsinvolvingaCongressionaldelegationandPresidentCalvinCoolidge,theprojectreceivedCongressionalapproval.Thecarvingstartedin1927,andendedin1941withsomeinjuriesandnofatalities.[4]
AsSixGrandfathers,themountainwaspartoftheroutethatLakotaleaderBlackElktookinaspiritualjourneythatculminatedatHarneyPeak.Followingaseriesofmilitarycampaignsfrom1876to1877,theUnitedStatesassertedcontroloverthearea,aclaimthatisstilldisputedonthebasisofthe1868TreatyofFortLaramie(seesection"
Controversy"
below).AmongwhiteAmericansettlers,thepeakwasknownvariouslyasCougarMountain,SugarloafMountain,SlaughterhouseMountain,andKeystoneCliffs.ItwasnamedMountRushmoreduringaprospectingexpeditionbyRushmore,DavidSwanzey(husbandofCarrieIngalls),andBillChallis.[7]
HistorianDoaneRobinsonconceivedtheideaforMountRushmorein1923topromotetourisminSouthDakota.In1924,RobinsonpersuadedsculptorGutzonBorglumtotraveltotheBlackHillsregiontoensurethatthecarvingcouldbeaccomplished.BorglumhadbeeninvolvedinsculptingtheConfederateMemorialCarving,amassivebas-reliefmemorialtoConfederateleadersonStoneMountaininGeorgia,butwasindisagreementwiththeofficialsthere.[8]TheoriginalplanwastoperformthecarvingsingranitepillarsknownastheNeedles.However,BorglumrealizedthattheerodedNeedlesweretoothintosupportsculpting.HechoseMountRushmore,agranderlocation,partlybecauseitfacedsoutheastandenjoyedmaximumexposuretothesun.BorglumsaiduponseeingMountRushmore,"
Americawillmarchalongthatskyline."
[9]CongressauthorizedtheMountRushmoreNationalMemorialCommissiononMarch3,1925.[9]PresidentCoolidgeinsistedthatalongwithWashington,twoRepublicansandoneDemocratbeportrayed.[10]
ConstructionofMountRushmore.
BetweenOctober4,1927,andOctober31,1941,GutzonBorglumand400workerssculptedthecolossal60-foot(18m)carvingsofU.S.presidentsGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,TheodoreRoosevelt,andAbrahamLincolntorepresentthefirst150yearsofAmericanhistory.ThesepresidentswereselectedbyBorglumbecauseoftheirroleinpreservingtheRepublicandexpandingitsterritory.[9][11]TheimageofThomasJeffersonwasoriginallyintendedtoappearintheareaatWashington'
sright,butaftertheworktherewasbegun,therockwasfoundtobeunsuitable,sotheworkontheJeffersonfigurewasdynamited,andanewfigurewassculptedtoWashington'
sleft.[9]
In1933,theNationalParkServicetookMountRushmoreunderitsjurisdiction.EngineerJulianSpottshelpedwiththeprojectbyimprovingitsinfrastructure.Forexample,hehadthetramupgradedsothatitcouldreachthetopofMountRushmorefortheeaseofworkers.ByJuly4,1934,Washington'
sfacehadbeencompletedandwasdedicated.ThefaceofThomasJeffersonwasdedicatedin1936,andthefaceofAbrahamLincolnwasdedicatedonSeptember17,1937.In1937,abillwasintroducedinCongresstoaddtheheadofcivil-rightsleaderSusanB.Anthony,butariderwaspassedonanappropriationsbillrequiringthatfederalfundsbeusedtofinishonlythoseheadsthathadalreadybeenstartedatthattime.[12]In1939,thefaceofTheodoreRooseveltwasdedicated.
TheSculptor'
sStudio—adisplayofuniqueplastermodelsandtoolsrelatedtothesculpting—wasbuiltin1939underthedirectionofBorglum.BorglumdiedfromanembolisminMarch1941.Hisson,LincolnBorglum,continuedtheproject.Originally,itwasplannedthatthefigureswouldbecarvedfromheadtowaist,[13]butinsufficientfundingforcedthecarvingtoend.[9]BorglumhadalsoplannedamassivepanelintheshapeoftheLouisianaPurchasecommemoratingineight-foot-tallgildedletterstheDeclarationofIndependence,U.S.Constitution,LouisianaPurchase,andsevenotherterritorialacquisitionsfromAlaskatoTexastothePanamaCanalZone.[11]
AmodelatthesitedepictingMountRushmore'
sintendedfinaldesign.InsufficientfundingforcedthecarvingtoendinOctober1941.
TheentireprojectcostUS$989,992.32.[14]Notablyforaprojectofsuchsize,noworkersdiedduringthecarving.[15]
OnOctober15,1966,MountRushmorewaslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.AnessayfromNebraskastudentWilliamAndrewBurkett,selectedasthewinnerforthecollege-agegroupin1934,wasplacedontheEntablatureonabronzeplatein1973.[12]In1991,PresidentGeorgeH.W.BushofficiallydedicatedMountRushmore.
Inacanyonbehindthecarvedfacesisachamber,cutonly70
feet(21m)intotherock,containingavaultwithsixteenporcelainenamelpanels.ThepanelsincludethetextoftheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution,biographiesofthefourpresidentsandBorglum,andthehistoryoftheU.S.Thechamberwascreatedastheentrancewaytoaplanned"
HallofRecords"
;
thevaultwasinstalledin1998.[16]
Tenyearsofredevelopmentworkculminatedwiththecompletionofextensivevisitorfacilitiesandsidewalksin1998,suchasaVisitorCenter,theLincolnBorglumMuseum,andthePresidentialTrail.Maintenanceofthememorialannuallyrequiresmountainclimberstomonitorandsealcracks.Thememorialisnotcleanedtoremovelichens.Ithasbeencleanedonlyonce.OnJuly8,2005,Kä
rcherGmbH,aGermanmanufacturerofcleaningmachines,conductedafreecleanupoperation;
thewashingusedpressurizedwateratover200
°
F(93
C).[17]
[edit]Controversy
AirForceOneflyingoverMt.Rushmore.
MountRushmoreiscontroversialamongNativeAmericansbecausetheUnitedStatesseizedtheareafromtheLakotatribeaftertheGreatSiouxWarof1876–77.TheTreatyofFortLaramiefrom1868hadpreviouslygrantedtheBlackHillstotheLakotainperpetuity.MembersoftheAmericanIndianMovementledanoccupationofthemonumentin1971,namingit"
MountCrazyHorse"
.Amongtheparticipantswereyoungactivists,grandparents,childrenandLakotaholymanJohnFireLameDeer,whoplantedaprayerstaffatopthemountain.LameDeersaidthestaffformedasymbolicshroudoverthepresidents'
faces"
whichshallremaindirtyuntilthetreatiesconcerningtheBlackHillsarefulfilled."
[18]
In2004,thefirstNativeAmericansuperintendentoftheparkwasappointed.GerardBakerhasstatedthathewillopenupmore"
avenuesofinterpretation"
andthatthefourpresidentsare"
onlyoneavenueandonlyonefocus."
[19]
TheCrazyHorse
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