名词解释 (1).doc
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名词解释 (1).doc
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1.Culture:
Culturecanbedefinedasthecoherentlearned,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.
2.Maslowchart
MaslowchartislikeapyramidandwasputforwardbyAbrahamMaslow,apsychologist,hassuggestedthatpeopleallovertheworldsharefivebasicneeds:
thephysiologicalneeedswhichisconsiderasourfundamentalneeds,thesafetyneedsconcludephysicallysafeandpsychologicalsafe,thebelongingnessneedsforthereasonthatoncewearealiveandsafe,wethentrytosatisfyoursocialneeds,theesteemneedswhicharerecognition,respectandreputation,theself-actualizationneedswhichisthehighestneedofapersontoactualizeoneself,toreachone’sfullpotential,tobecomeallthatheorshemightbe.
3.EncodingandDecoding
Theprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthemiscalledencodingamessage;theprocessoftransformingmessagebackintoideasandfeelingiscalleddecoding.Theencodinganddecodingprocessincludenonverbalcues,whichsignificantlyaffectthemeaningcreatedbetweentheparticipantsinacommunicationtransaction.
4.Hofstede’sculturaldimensions.
Hofstede’sculturaldimensionsofferanotherapproachtounderstandingtherangeofculturaldifferences.Itcanbedividedintofivedimensions:
individualismversuscollectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,powerdistance,masculinityversusfemininity,andlong-termversusshort-termorientationtotime.Hisworkprovidesanexcellentsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandsocialbehaviors.
5.High-contextculture
High-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessageswhichareimplicit,indirect,conveyedprimarilythroughthecontextorthesocialsituation.Inhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelikeandinformationisoftenprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.
6.Low-contextculture
Low-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedinexplicitcode.Inlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.
7.Connotation
Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.Thesemeaningsshowpeople’sattitudesorfeelingstowardwhatthewordorphraserefersto.Connotativemeaningsreflectthevaluingprocessofinterpretation.
8.Denotation
Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheobjectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional“thing”thataresymbolized.Mostwords,especiallysimpleconcretewords,haveseveraldenotations.
9.linguisticrelatively/determinism(TheSapir-Whorfhypothesis)
ThecentralideaoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatlanguagefunctions,notsimplyasadeviceforreportingexperience,butalso,andmoresignificantly,asawayofdefiningexperienceforitsspeakers.TheultimatevalueoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatitoffershintstoculturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesamongpeople.
10.Highinvolvementstyle
Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer“highinvolvement”stylestendtotalkmore,interruptmore,expecttobeinterrupted,talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequicklythanthosefrom“highconsiderateness:
styles.
11.Highconsideratenessstyle
Peoplefromculturesthatfavor“highconsiderateness”stylestendto:
speakoneatatime,usepolitelisteningsounds,refrainfrominterrupting,andgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.
12.Verbalcommunication
Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatitiscarriedouteitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.
13.Nonverbalcommunication
Itreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesofsightcomeintopaly,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewearthedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.
14.Individualisticculture
Peopletendtoencountermoresituationshatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.
15.collectivisticculture
Peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,statusorientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacementandsilence.
16.Paralanguage
Paralanguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwordsandcanbedividedintothreecategories:
voicequality,vocalqualifiers,andvocalization.
17.M-time
M-timeischaracteristicofpeoplefromGermany,Austric,Switzerland,andAmerica.Thisapproachseestimeaslineal,segmented,andmanageable.Appointmentsandschedulesareveryimportanttomembersofmonochroiccultures.
18P-time
P-timemeansdealwithtimeholistically,forP-timecultures,timeislesstangible,feelingsofwastedtimearenotprevalent,whichleadalifestylethatismorespontaneousandunstructured.
19.Frenchleave
Onceacustomprevalentin18thcenturyFrance,whenguestswouldleaveareceptionwithoutsayinggoodbyetothehost,whichdevelopedintogoingAWOLfromthearmy.
20.Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrismisthatpeoplenegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturesbythestandardsofone’sownculture.Lowethnocentrismreflectsthelackofsensitivityinourverbalandnonverbalinteractionsindealingwithotherswhoaredifferent.Highethnocentrismreferstotheuseofverbalsarcasms,racistjokes,hate-filledspeech,andphysicalviolencetomarginalizeorobliteratetheexistenceofout-groupmembers.
21.Ethnorelativism
Ethnorelativismmantainsthatculturesanonlybeunderstoodrelativetooneanother,ethnorelativisminvolvestheviewthatallculturesareofequalvalueandvaluesandbehaviorofaculturecanbeonlyjudgeusingthatcultureasframeofreference.
22.Stereotypes
Astereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withondistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.Stereotypesvaryalongfourdimension:
direction,intensify,accuracy,andcontent.Stereotypesnaturallydevelopfromasetofoversimplifiedbeliefsintoarigidattitudetowardagroupofpeople.
23.Prejudice
Prejudiceisaleanedtendencybywhichwerespondtoagivengroupofpeopleoreventinaconsistentusuallynegativeway.Prejudicevariesprincipallyalongthedimensionofintensify.Fivecommonformsofprejudicecanbeidentifiedintermsofintensify:
verbalabuse,physicalattack,andmassacre.
24.Culturalshock
Culturalshockreferstothetransitionperiodandtheaccompanyingofstressandanxietyapersonexperiencesduringtheearlyperioduponenteringanewculture.Severaltermsapplytothisconceptincludingculturalstress,adaptation,transitionshock,adjustment,socialization,andsoon.
25.reversecultureshock
Reversecultureshockisaculturalvertigobecauseofthedizzyfeelingpeopleexperiencewhenreturningfromoverseastofindthatthehomecultureisnolongerthesame.Thementalsnapshottheytookwhenleavingisnowblurred.
26.Acculturation
Itreferstohowasojournerschoosetocopewithculturalchanges.It’sacomplexanddynamicprocessthatitisaninevitablepartofinterculturalinteractions.Whenasojournerisfacedwithdiverseculturalpracticesandhabitsthanhisorherassumedculturaltrainingandself-identifyisquestioned,reevaluatedandadaptedfortheculturalenvironment.
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- 名词解释 1