The Literature of Colonial AmericapptConvertor.docx
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The Literature of Colonial AmericapptConvertor.docx
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TheLiteratureofColonialAmericapptConvertor
PARTITHELITERATUREOFCOLONIALAMERICA
I.IntroductionofAmericanliterature
1.DefinitionofAmericanLiterature
literatureproducedinAmericanEnglishbyAmericancitizens
2.BasicQualitiesofAmericanWriters
1)Independent
A.noclosehold;freefromitscontrol
B.anindependentaction
C.free-lancewriters
D.theirindependenceandtheirrighttomakeuptheirownminds
2)Individualistic
A.theirowneffortsforsuccess
B.theinitiative;notgiveineasily
C.freefrompoliticalprejudiceandideologicalconformity
D.theirliterarycareer;successfulthroughtheirindividualefforts
E.therightsofindividuals;theirownrightsandinterest
F.ameansofself-expression;awayofexpressingtheirpersonalviewsaboutlifeandsociety,ofadvocatingliberty,democracyandindependentactionoftheindividual
G.adevotiontoself-realization,toprotectionofenvironmentandtosuspicionofamasssocietyandpower
3)Critical
A.notsatisfiedwiththecontemporarysociety
B.questiontheprevailingvalues
C.discernflawsinsociety
D.criticizeAmericansociety
E.aliterarytraditioninAmerica
4)Innovative
A.theleastrestraintsandbondagetothepast
B.thenewideas,newattitudes,andnewculturalfaces
C.experimentsinwriting
D.differentfromothersasmuchaspossible;anewtrendalmosteverytenyears
E.America’schangingvalues
5)Humorous
A.astrictlynationalcharacteristic;partoftheirlife,theircharacter,andtheirstyle
B.theludicrousandmirthful
C.enrichAmericanliteraturewithhumorofallkinds
II.NativeAmericanLiterature
1.Background
1)arichstoreoforalliterature
2)differentliterarytaste
2.Threestagesofdevelopment
1)TraditionalIndianLiterature
A.thecategoryoforalliterature
B.aregularityofmetricpattern
C.anorganicpartofeverydaylife
D.functional
2)TransitionalIndianLiterature
A.translationsofthegreatIndianorators;memoirsoftheIndianexperience
B.towhiteaudiences
3)ModernIndianLiterature
A.novels,shortstories,andpoetry
B.moregoodIndianpoetsthanfictionwriters
C.boththeirrichheritageandtheirtragiclossofidentity
III.LiteratureofColonialSettlements
1.Background
1)neitherAmericannorreallyliterature
notAmerican:
theworkmainlyofimmigrantsfromEngland
notliterature:
aninterestingmixtureoftravelaccountsandreligiouswritings
2)theausterePilgrims
toreformtheChurchofEngland
2.Puritanism
1)TheNewEnglandsettlements:
A.religiouscontroversy
B.anurgeforreligiousfreedomanddetermination
C.fleeingfromreligiousandpoliticaloppressionandpersecution
D.humanthirstforgreatereconomicopportunity,forland,andforadventure
2)Puritans
to“purify”thereligiouspracticeinthechurch
3)theirownreligiousandmoralprinciples
AmericanPuritanism—oneoftheenduringinfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.
4)predestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonementfromGod’sgrace
5)theirwayoflife—hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety
3.Literature
1)aliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism
thePuritanoptimism—enormousimpactonAmericanliterature
2)aliteratureofdiscovery
thepotentialitiesoftheNewWorld;theharshreality.
3)thetypesofwritingproducedinthecolonialsettlements
histories,travelaccounts,biographies,diaries,letters,autobiographies,sermonsandpoems
4)thepurposeofwriting
torecordtheirexperiencesandtoexpresstheirviewsandfeelings
4.Characteristics
1)utilitarian,polemical,ordidactic
2)teachsomekindoflesson
3)servedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth
4)apracticalconsiderationofthesortimpression—eachwriterwantedtomakeuponaselectedgroupofreaders
5)symbolismasatechnique
6)plainness
7)fresh,simple,direct,andwithatouchofnobility
8)asmuchaproductofcontinuitiesasanindigenouscreation
PARTIITHELITERATUREOFREASONANDREVOLUTION
I.Background
1.inthe18thcentury,twophilosophers:
JonathanEdwards:
Puritannaiveidealism
BenjaminFranklin:
Puritancrudematerialism
2.Edwards:
Calvinistbeliefsandtenets,the“GreatAwakening”
Franklin:
Deism,thenewideasofprogress
3.Calvinists:
originalsinandpredestination
Deists:
thecreatoroftheuniverse,tooperateaccordingtonaturallaw,thebestwaytoworshipGod
4.Deism:
thereligionofenlightenment,aphilosophicalmovement
1)theexistenceofGod
2)people:
naturallygoodpeople
aharmoniousuniverse:
thebeneficenceofGod
3)interestedinman’sownnature
5.the18thcenturyAmerica:
anageofreasonandorder
II.Anoutstandingrepresentative
BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):
araregenius,thespiritoftheEnlightenmentinAmerica:
self-educated,social,assured,amanoftheworld,ambitiousandpublic-spirited,speculativeaboutthenatureoftheuniverse
1.Hislife
1)borninBoston,Massachusetts
2)hisownpressinPhiladelphia
3)hisveryactivelifeincivicandscientificactivities
A.thePennsylvaniaHospitalandtheUniversityofPennsylvania
B.scientificactivityinPhiladelphia,theAmericanPhilosophicalSociety
C.bifocalglasses,theFranklinstove,andlightningrods
D.postmasterfortheentirecolonies
E.theirdealingswiththeKingandwiththeParliament
F.totheSecondContinentalCongress,theDeclarationofIndependence
G.thefirstministertoFrance
H.thetreatyofParis
I.governoroftheStateofPennsylvania
J.theconstitution
4)oneofthemostbelovedAmericans
A.asparklingman,apublic-spiritedcitizen,brilliant,industrious,andversatile,alittlebitluxuriousbutenjoyabletobewith
B.amanofindustryandsimpletaste
C.someofthetraitsthatareuniquelyAmerican
D.practical,witty,ambitious,andmostofallsuccessful
E.anexamplefor“self-mademan”
2.Hisliteraryachievements
1)satire:
good-naturedorcaustic
A.talentsforirony,allegoryandfable
B.averyhumorousman
C.theimageoftheYankee
2)hisalmanacandautobiography
3)amaxim:
practicalwisdom
3.Hisautobiography
1)adefinitegiftforwriting
2)awitwhichoftengaveanedgetohiswords
3)powerofexpression,simplicity,andsubtlehumor
4)sarcastic
5)hisfullestexpositionofeconomicindividualismandsocialmobility
6)itsrepresentativevalueasanimageoftherisingAmerica
4.Hisstyle
1)clearandevenplaininhistime,butabithardtoreadformodernreaders
2)ratherformalstyle,butinformalorganizationofhismaterial
3)aninspiringaccountofapoorboy’srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream
A.theartofself-improvement
B.significant
a.aclassicofitskindinAmericanliterature
b.indicating:
thespokesmanofAmericanenlightenment
C.demonstratingallthemajorprinciplesoftheenlightenmentinAmerica
D.thetransitionfromPuritanpiety,idealismandprovincialismtothemoresecular,utilitarian,andcosmopolitanvaluesoftheAmericanenlightenment
PartIIITheLiteratureofRomanticism
(1)
Romanticism:
aliterarytrendormovementattheturnofthe18thand19thcenturiesunderthehistoricalbackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolutionaround1760andtheFrenchRevolution(1789-1799)
Romantic:
aschoolofliteratureopposedtotheClassic,firstusedbytheGermancriticFriedrichSchlegelatthebeginningofthe19thcentury,carriedtoEnglandandFrancefromGermany
SomeCharacteristicsofRomanticism
1.Highesteemformanasindividuals
individualhumanpersonality
2.Romanticoptimism
animplicitfaithintheinnategoodnessofhumannature
3.TheRomanticconceptofnature
man&nature:
complementarypartsofawhole
4.TheRomanticappealtoimaginationandfeelings
greatimportancetoimaginationandfeelings
AmericanRomanticism
Twoperiods:
1.ThefirstperiodofAmericanRomanticismoftheEarlyNationalPeriod(1800-1830)
1)theAmericansceneandcivilization;
theirmaterialsinthecultureandhistory,theloreandlandscapeoftheirnativeland
2)Irving,CooperandBryant
2.ThesecondperiodofAmericanRomanticism
1)the“AmericanRenaissance”
2)itsowncultureandliterature
agreatchampion:
RalphWaldoEmerson
TheAmericanScholar(1837):
theAmericanScholar“DeclarationofIndependence”
“Ourdayofdependence,ourlongapprenticeshiptothelearningofotherlands,drawstoaclose.
“Wewillwalkonourownfeet;wewillworkwithourownhands;wewillspeakourownminds.
3)“NewEngland’sGoldenAge”,“TheFloweringofNewEngland”
EarlyRomantics
1.Background
1)fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheCivilWar
2)radicalchangesinallaspectsofAmericanlife
3)anewliteraryexpression
2.Distinctfeatures
1)tomoralize,toedify
2)anentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture
3)afeelingof“newness”whichinspiredtheromanticimagination
3.NewEnglandpoets
1)theidealsofthegenteel19thcentury
culture,themoralitythecultureadmired
2)America’legends,America’spastandcontemporaryeventsinAmericanlife
3)conservativeandimitative,usingEuropeanliteraryformsandpoliteliterarylanguage
4)traditionalmeters,stanzaforms,stereotypedmetaphorsandsuperficialsymbolism
5)ratedmuchlowerthanintheirowntime
language:
toorefined,notnativeAmericanlanguageorexpression
subjectmatter:
thepicturesque,justtheprettythings,thenicethings
4.Aleadingwriter
WashingtonIrving(1783-1859):
thefirstma
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