职称英语理工A类新增文章测试.docx
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职称英语理工A类新增文章测试.docx
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职称英语理工A类新增文章测试
SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthers
Low-saltfoodsmaybeharderforsomepeopletolikethanothers,accordingtoastudybyaPennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences1foodscientist.Theresearchindicatesthatgeneticfactorsinfluencesomeofthedifferenceinthelevelsofsaltweliketoeat.
Thoseconclusionsareimportantbecauserecent,well-publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood2haveleftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers3,pointedoutJohnHayes,assistantprofessoroffoodscience,whowasleadinvestigator4onthestudy.
Dietshighinsaltcanincreasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandstroke.Thatiswhypublichealthexpertsandfoodcompaniesareworkingtogetheronwaystohelpconsumerslowersaltintakethroughfoodsthatareenjoyabletoeat.Thisstudyincreasesunderstandingofsaltpreferenceandconsumption.
Theresearchinvolved87carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodssuchassoupandchips,onmultipleoccasions,spreadoutoverweeks5.Testsubjectswere45menand42women,reportedlyhealthy,ranginginagefrom20to40years.Thesamplewascomposedofindividualswhowerenotactivelymodifyingtheirdietaryintakeanddidnotsmokecigarettes.Theyratedtheintensityoftasteonacommonlyusedscientificscale,rangingfrombarelydetectabletostrongestsensationofanykind.
“MostofUSlikethetasteofsalt.However,someindividualseatmoresalt,bothbecausetheylikethetasteofsaltinessmore,andalsobecauseitisneededtoblockotherunpleasanttastesinfood.”saidHayes.“Supertasters,peoplewhoexperiencetastesmoreintensely,consumemoresaltthannontastersdo.Snackfoodshavesaltinessastheirprimaryflavor,andatleastforthesefoods,moreisbetter,sothesupertastersseemtolikethemmore.”
However,supertastersalsoneedhigherlevelsofsalttoblockunpleasantbittertastesinfoodssuchascheese,Hayesnoted.“Forexample,cheeseisawonderfulblendofdairyflavorsfromfermentedmilk,butalsobittertastesfromripeningthatareblockedbysalt,”hesaid.“Asupertasterfindslow-saltcheeseunpleasantbecausethebitternessistoopronouncedo6.”
Hayescitedresearchdonemorethan75yearsagobyachemistnamedFoxandageneticistnamedBlakeslee,showingthatindividualsdifferintheirabilitytotastecertainchemicals.Asaresult,Hayesexplained,weknowthatawiderangeintasteacuityexists,andthisvariationisasnormalasvariationsineyeandhaircolor.
“Somepeople,calledsupertasters,describebittercompoundsasbeingextremelybitter,whileothers.callednontasters,findthesesamebittercompoundstobetastelessoronlyweaklybitter,”hesaid.“Responsetobittercompoundsisoneofmanywaystoidentifybiologicaldifterencesinfoodpreferencebecausesupertasting7isnotlimitedtobitterness.(476)
词汇:
publicizev.引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传fermentv.(使)发酵
geneticistn.遗传学家
dietaryadj.饮食的;规定食物的acuityn.敏锐;尖锐
注释:
1.PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences:
即PennStateUniversity-CollegeofAgriculturalSciences宾州州立大学农学院。
Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写,是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。
宾州州立大学建于1855年,在全国共有24个分校。
在句中,PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciences用作定语,修饰foodscientist。
2.well-publicizedeffortstoreducethesaltcontentinfood:
大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法
3.1eftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers:
使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。
fare相当于food。
4.1eadinvestigator:
研发项目负责人
5.…carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodsassoupandchips,onmultipleoccasion,spreadoutoverweeks:
……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者,他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。
6.toopronounced:
此处pronounced为形容词,意为verynoticeable,conspicuous(明显的,显著的)。
7.supertasting:
超重味感
练习:
1.Inparagraph2,JohnHayespointsoutthat
A.itisgoodtohealthtoeatfoodwithoutsalt.
B.manypeoplerejectlow-saltfoodcompletely.
C.manypeopleacceptlow-salttastelessfoodreluctantly
D.foodwithreducedsalttastesbetter.
2.Thefourthparagraphdescribesbriefly
A.howtoselectsubjectsandwhattodointheresearch.
B.howtoidentifysupertastersandnontasters.
C.whytolimitthenumberofsubjectsto87persons.
D.whytoselectmoremalesubjectsthanfemaleones.
3.Thearticlearguesthatsupertasters
A.1ikethetasteofsaltinesstoblocksweettastesinfood..
B.1ikesnackfoodsassaltinessistheirprimaryflavor.
C.consumelesssaltbecausetheydontlikeintensivetastes.
D.1iketosharesaltycheesewithnontasters.
4.Whichofthefollowingappliestosupertastersintermsofbittertaste?
A.Theylikebitternessinfoodsaswellassaltiness.
B.Theylikehigh-saltcheeseasithasintensebittertaste.
C.Theypreferhigh-saltcheese,whichtasteslessbitter.
D.Theypreferhigh-saltcheeseasitisgoodtohealth.
5.Whatmessagedothelasttwoparagraphscarry?
A.Tasteacuityisgeneticallydetermined.
B.Tasteacuityisdevelopedovertimeafterbirth.
C.Tasteacuityisrelatedtoone’seyeandhaircolor.
D.Tasteacuityisstillamysterioussubjectinscience.
答案与题解:
1.C根据短文的第二段内容,很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低,所以必须做出很大努力(struggling)去适应,而低盐食物对于他们来说,口味很不好(farethatsimplydoesnottaste…goodtothem)。
选项C有acceptreluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思,所以是正确的选择。
A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。
2.A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的,它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。
选项A概括了这方面的内容,所以是答案。
而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。
3.B短文的第五段提供了答案。
supertaster在这里的意思是:
口味重的人,在本文中,nontaster是其反义词,即,口味清谈的人。
该段告诉我们,口味重的人消耗更多的盐;因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味,而且咸度越高,口味越好,所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。
选项B表达了上述内容,所以是答案。
4.C短文第六段提供了答案。
该段告诉我们,奶酪发酵会产生苦味,supertasters不喜欢苦味,而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的苦味,这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。
所以,只有C是正确选择。
5.A文章第七段中,Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。
从这项实验中,Hayes得出的结论是,Tasteacuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类
现象,也就是说,都是与生俱来的。
第八段又说,这是一种biologicaldifference(生物差异),所以A是答案。
B说味觉敏度是后天形成的,显然与作者的结论相左。
C说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关,显然是错误的。
D的内容在最后两段都没有提到,所以不会是答案
MarvelousMetamaterials
Invisibilitycloaks1wouldhaveremainedimpossible,foreverlockedinsciencefiction,haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials2.InGreek,“meta”meansbeyond,andmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld-likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobject,andthenbringthembacktogether3.Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull-fledgedinvisibilitycloak,itwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials.
“Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon’texistinnature,andthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn'texistinnature,”saysengineerDentchoGenov.“Thatisthemostexcitingthing.”Genovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterials-suchasthoseusedincloaking-atLouisianaTechUniversityinRuston,Louisiana4.
Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials.Otherapplicationsarejustasexciting.Inmanylabs,forexample,scientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens.Alensisadevice-usuallymadeofglass-thatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves.Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslight,thusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway.
Ahyperlens,however,wouldbemadeofmetamaterials.Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan”t,thehyperlenswouldbeapowerfultool.Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginable-assmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight.
Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination:
Ifsomeonecanminkofanideaforanewbehaviorforlight,thentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials.“Weneedpeoplewhocanimagine,”hesays.
Since2006,manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon”tinvolvejustvisiblelight.Infact,scientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials.
AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpain5,JoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacoustics,orthescienceofsound.Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflight,an“acoustic”cloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat’snotfoundinnature.Inanorchestrahall,forexample.anacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwaves-sosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudience,withoutdistortion.
Sanchez-Dehesa,anengineer,recentlyshowedthatit’spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloak,thoughhedoubtswe’llseeoneanytimesoon.“Inprinciple,itispossible,”hesays,butitmightbeimpossibletomakeone,headds.
Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigs6asprotectionfromtsunamis.Atsunamiisagiant,destructivewave.Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorisland,andthewavewouldresumeitsjourneyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm.
词汇:
cloakn.斗篷,披风hyperlensn.超透镜
metamaterialn.超材料acousticsn.声学
full-fledgedadj.完全成熟的,完全合格的tsunamin.海震,海啸
注释:
1.Invisibilitycloaks:
隐形衣。
在《哈利·波特与死亡圣器》(HarryPotterandtheDeathlyHallows)一书中,哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。
该书是英国女作家J.K.罗琳创作的哈利·波特系列小说的第7部。
2.…haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials:
……如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。
该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。
虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设;因为是倒装结构,所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。
如使用正常语序,该句可写为....ifithadnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials.
3.“meta”meansbeyond,andmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld-likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobject,andthenbringthembacktogether:
“meta"的词义是“超越”,metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情,例如将光波移动到某个物体周围,然后将光波全部收回。
4.LouisianaTechUniversityinRuston,Louisiana:
路易斯安那理工大学,位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。
该校为公立大学,1894年建校,是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。
5.thePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpain:
瓦伦西亚理工大学,位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市,该校建于1968年。
6.oilrigs:
石油钻塔
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